Éditeur : I.B.Tauris | Date & Lieu : 1996, London |
Préface : | Pages : 472 |
Traduction : | ISBN : 185043653-3 |
Langue : Anglais | Format : 155x235 mm |
Thème : Histoire |
Présentation
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Table des Matières | Introduction | Identité | ||
Versions
A Modern History of the Kurds Over the past thirty years the Kurds have been slowly gaining international attention. This reached a climax at the time of their flight from Saddam Hussein in March 1991. Today there are over 25 million Kurds. Yet the slow emergence of the Kurdish nationalist movements, and the reasons why successive governments in the region have sought to stifle them, are not widely known or understood. |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT David McDowall
FOREWORD The Kurds number at least 25 million, yet there is only modest information available about them. There is probably a larger literature available on Kuwait, a state with barely half a million citizens. The reason is obvious: the Kurds inhabit a marginal zone between the power centres of the Mesopotamian plain and the Iranian and Anatolian plateaux. They remain marginalized geographically, politically, and economically. However, during the past decade the Kurds have steadily grown in impor-tance. It is difficult to imagine they will sink again into the relative obscurity of the middle years of this century. Today they have emerged, not quite yet as a coherent nation, nevertheless as an ethnic community that can no longer be ignored. For that reason alone, they deserve to be much better understood. Because so little has been written about Kurdish history, I have written in greater detail than would be necessary were the context better known. Even so, it must be tentative since English, French and Arabic provide only a limited basis. A working knowledge of Persian, Turkish and Russian, let alone Kurdish, is also needed to fill out the picture. I have devoted considerable space to the years 1918-25. The reason is simple: during this narrow period the Kurds lost their one great opportunity for state-hood, and found themselves apportioned as minorities in the new state system that replaced the Ottoman and Qajar empires. It was a defining moment for the Kurdish people. Understanding how and why the contestants behaved then is critical for understanding later developments. I have also concentrated particularly on the Kurdish struggle in Turkey and Iraq, since it is in these two countries that Kurds constitute 20 per cent or more of the population and the broad implication of this should be self-evident. This is also where Kurds have been most active. I have in addition tried to cover the Kurdish story in western Iran, since here they number over five million and constitute approximately t0 per cent of Iran's population, although the national movement has achieved much less than in Iraq or Turkey. My canvass was already so broad that I baulked at discussing the Kurdish question in either Syria or the former Soviet Union. I regret I have found it almost impossible to achieve consistency in nomen¬clature and transliteration. Latinized script in Turkey changed conventional European spellings of place and proper names. In Turkey, Iran and Iraq, names have been changed, or conventional spellings altered over the years. Further¬more, Kurdish spelling itself is often unrecognizable except to Kurds, for example Wirmi (for Urumiya), and Shnu (for Ushnaviya). In other cases it changed for one reason or another, for example Sawj Bulaq became Mahabad, Sinna became Sanandaj and Julamirk became Hakkari. Consequently I have tried to use the name appropriate to the era and I hope that by cross-referencing the index, readers will not encounter any difficulty. Regarding transliteration, the simplest solution seemed to be to adopt simplified standard Arabic transliterations wherever possible, except for post-1923 Turkey. For example, Ghazi and Ghassemlou, two important Iranian names, appear as Qazi and Qasimlu. The term Kurdistan is controversial. I use it simply to indicate the region where the majority of people are Kurds, not to peddle any particular political views. In the case of Turkey, therefore, it means the same as the euphemistic `East' or `South East', in the case of Iran it implies more than the province of Kurdistan (except where that is clearly the sense) to include Kurdish parts of West Azarbaijan and Kirmanshah, and in Iraq it means more than the autono¬mous region. Finally, I have resisted the temptation to provide a reference for every little- known fact, since this would have made the book unacceptably long. Instead, I have tried to confine endnotes to points of elucidation or references to a quotation. My primary sources have been twofold. A substantial number of people, almost entirely Kurds, have been very generous with their time and understanding to explain aspects of their history or the contemporary situation; their contribution has been invaluable. My other primary source has been the archives of the Public Record Office; that has both advantages and disadvantages. British diplomats reported regularly on events in different parts of Kurdistan from the 1870s through to 1945. These reports are probably the single most important historical archive on Kurdistan and as such are invaluable. But they must be treated with caution. This is not because the motives of an imperial power are suspect; that may be true, but diplomats still sought to understand and report faithfully what was taking place. The reason is that British diplomats saw events in Kurdistan through the prism of British interests. There must have been any number of things happening in Kurdistan which did not attract their attention. Of these perhaps the most important were the processes of economic and social change. I cannot help feeling that if these were better documented and understood, many of the events we do know about in Kurdistan would undergo re-evaluation |