Table of Contents
Executive Summary / 1 Scope and methods / 1 Who are the food insecure? / 1 How many are they? / 2 Where do they live? / 2 What are the underlying causes of food insecurity? / 2 What are the interventions recommended? / 3
Introduction / 4 General information on Iraq / 4 General information on food security in Iraq / 4 Part I – Study objectives and methodology / 5 Cfsva objectives / 5 Definition, terminology and concepts / 6 Sources of data / 7 Secondary data review / 7 Primary data collection / 7 Limitations of the Study / 10 Part ii – food security and vulnerability analysis / 11 Political, economical, institutional environment / 11 Political context / 11 Economic characteristics / 12 Public Distribution System (PDS) / 12 Aggregate availability and markets / 15 Asset endowments / 23 Natural Capital / 23 Human capital / 26 Physical and financial capital / 32 Livelihood strategies of households / 40 Main activities and income sources / 40 Agricultural production at household level / 43 Household expenditures / 44 Current household food security status / 45 Food consumption patterns / 45 Food consumption Classification / 46 Coping strategy index / 50 Underlying causes of food insecurity / 53 Household food security profiling / 54 District profiling / 62 Food utilization and nutritional status / 64 Health, Hygiene and care practices / 64 Children’s nutritional status / 65 Conclusions and recommendations / 73
Annexes / 77 Annex 1. Sampling / 77 Annex 2. Questionnaire / 79 Annex 3. Governorate profile / 90
List of Tables
Table 1. Number of sampled households and clusters per governorate / 9 Table 2. Wheat production (metric tonne) in the c/s governorates from 2002 to 2007 / 17 Table 3. Iraq cropping calendar / 24 Table 4. Livestock ownership by governorate and urban/rural / 25 Table 5. Orphan percentage per governorate / 27 Table 6. Movement of idps / 28 Table 7. Educational level of household members > 10 years of age / 30 Table 8. Dropout rate and working status of children under 15 years old / 31 Table 9. Percentage of household reported average daily hours of power cuts / 32 Table 10. Other source of power and lighting in the house during electricity cuts / 33
Table 11. Type of accommodation and availability of drinking water / 34 Table 12. Main source of the household drinking water / 35 Table 13. Percentage of households has access to non productive assets / 36 Table 14. Percentage of households has access to productive/non productive assets / 37 Table 15. Livelihood activities by governorate / 40 Table 16. Crops produced by season / 44 Table 17. Food groups and their corresponding weight / 45 Table 18. Food consumption score cut-off for best match of proportion of food insecure Households / 47 Table 19. Correlation between food consumption score and other key indicators / 49 Table 20. Percentage of food insecure households and estimated population / 54
Table 21. Food consumption group by wealth index quintile / 58 Table 22. District profiling / 62 Table 23. Caring practices indicators from unicef/goi mics3 / 64 Table 24. Percentage households reporting chronic diseases by governorate / 65 Table 25. Studies on nutrition in Iraq conducted between 1991 and 2006 / 66 Table 26. Nutritional status of children under 5 years / 67 Table 27. Prevalence of underweight, wasting and stunting by sex / 67 Table 28. Nutritional status (as prevalence of malnutrition) by governorate / 70
List of charts
Chart 1. WFP/VAM food and nutrition security framework / 7 Chart 2. Percentage of households not receiving pds commodities from June to October, 2007 / 13 Chart 3. Percentage of households receiving late pds commodities from June to October, 2007 / 14 Chart 4. Percentage of household expressing opinion about PDS quality / 14 Chart 5. Percentage households prefer receiving financial support instead of the PDS commodities / 15 Chart 6. Past and current grain production in Iraq / 18 Chart 7. Wheat flour market prices from Jan, 2006 to Jun, 2008 / 19 Chart 8. Rice market prices from Jan, 2006 to Jun, 2008 / 19 Chart 9. Vegetable oil market prices from Jan, 2006 to Jun, 2008 / 20 Chart 10. Pulses market prices from Jan, 2006 to Jun, 2008 / 20
Chart 11. Comparison between 1st half of 2008 market prices and previous years / 21 Chart 12. Consumer price index from 1989 to 2008 / 21 Chart 13. Food stuffs consumer price index compared to the general consumer price index From January, 2007 to June, 2008 / 22 Chart 14. Age pyramid / 26 Chart 15. Percentage of household changed their place of residence / 28 Chart 16. Reasons for displacements / 29 Chart 17. Working status of children under 15 years old / 31 Chart 18. Test results of iodised salt used for cooking meals consumed by the household / 36 Chart 19. Percentage of households in each wealth quintile owning various assets / 38 Chart 20. Wealth index quintiles by governorate / 39
Chart 21. Wealth index quintiles by urban and rural / 39 Chart 22. % households facing food problems in the past 30 days / 40 Chart 23. Household income and sources by Governrate / 41 Chart 24. Household income and sources by wealth quintiles / 41 Chart 25. Household income by gender / 42 Chart 26. Income quintiles by governorate / 42 Chart 27. Percentage households having farm plot per governorate / 43 Chart 28. Food expenditure quintile by governorate / 44 Chart 29. Food consumption pattern and mean number of times food item consumed per governorate / 46 Chart 30. Food items contribution to the food consumption scores / 46
Chart 31. Food consumption groups / 48 Chart 32. Percentage of poor and borderline food consumption groups per governorate / 48 Chart 33. Food consumption score by wealth quintiles / 49 Chart 34. Wealth index scores by food consumption group / 49 Chart 35. Percentage of households experiencing food shortage per governorate / 51 Chart 36. Coping strategy index / 51 Chart 37. Percentage of households experiencing food shortage per wealth quintile / 52 Chart 38. Coping strategy index per wealth quintile / 52 Chart 39. Sources of food in the pds basket / 53 Chart 40. Sources of all food / 54
Chart 41. Development of economic indicators in Iraq from 2000 to 2007 / 55 Chart 42. Development of economic indicators in iraq from 2000 to 2007 / 55 Chart 43. Differences between IDPS and non-IDPS using some key indicators / 56 Chart 44. Percentage of IDP households not receiving PDS commodities from June to October, 2007 / 57 Chart 45. Wealth quintiles and food security status / 57 Chart 46. Income quintiles and food security status / 58 Chart 47. Expenditure quintiles and food security status / 59 Chart 48. Education level of household head and food security status / 59 Chart 49. Employment and food security status / 60 Chart 50. Livelihood activities and food security status / 60
Chart 51. Sex of household head and food security status / 61 Chart 52. Prevalence of underweight, wasting and stunting by sex / 68 Chart 53. Prevalence of underweight, wasting and stunting by urban/rural / 68 Chart 54. Prevalence of wasting, stunting, and underweight by age group and Urban/rural breakdown / 69 Chart 55. Nutritional status (as prevalence of malnutrition) by governorate / 71 Chart 56. Underweight compared to wealth quintiles / 72
List of maps
Map 1. Poor wealth index by district / 38 Map 2. Geographic distribution of percentage household with poor and borderline food Consumption / 50 Map 3. Geographic distribution of food insecurity and vulnerability in Iraq / 63
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