Contents
Acknowledgements / vi
About the Contributors / vii
About the Editor / viii
Introduction / ix
1. Egypt the Origins and Development of a Neo-colonial State, Ahmad N. Azim / 1
Nasser and national capitalism / 1
Sadat’s Egypt infitah and the transition to a neo-colonial state / 11
Conclusion / 12
2. Class Politics and State Power in Ba’thi Syria, Fred H. Lawson / 15
Consolidating Ba’thi rule. 1963-65 / 16
Restructuring the regime. 1966-68 / 20
Reorienting the Ba’th. 1970-83 / 24
Conclusion / 28
3. Class, State and Politics in Iraq Joe Stork / 31
Oil and revolution / 32
The revolution shakes down / 36
The Ba’thi movement / 37
Politics under the Ba'th / 38
Oil and the state / 41
The state as boss / 47
The war with Iran / 49
4. Development of Capitalism and Class Struggles in Turkey, Fikret Ceyhun / 55
Laissez-faire capitalism / 55
Import-substitution industrialization / 56
Export-oriented industrialization / 59
The unfolding class struggles / 64
5. Political Power and the Saudi State, Ghassan Salami / 70
From Saudi power to Saudi state / 71
The royal family and its allies / 74
Clan and state the officer-princes / 75
Property and wealth / 76
The people of Saudi Arabia / 78
The political opposition / 85
6. Class Struggles, the State, and Revolution in Iran, Farideh Farhi / 90
Historical background / 90
National interlude and class struggles / 92
Return of the Shah and the politics of uneven development / 96
The state and revolution / 100
Post-revolutionary struggles and the rise of the theocratic state / 105
Conclusion / 107
7. Riot and Rebellion in North Africa Political Responses to Economic Crisis in Tunisia, Morocco and Sudan, David Seddon / 114
‘Enemies of the people’ official explanations for the riots / 115
Organized opposition or spontaneous protest (Tunisia and Morocco) / 117
Organized opposition or spontaneous protest (Sudan) / 120
The economic roots of social unrest / 124
Economic policy and economic crisis / 129
8. Women and National Politics in the Middle East, Julie Peteet / 136
Women and politics in the Middle East / 136
Palestinian women / 141
Conclusion / 152
9. Palestine and the Palestinians Pamela, Ann Smith / 157
The impoverishment of the peasantry / 157
The growth of the bourgeoisie / 160
The decline of the ruling families / 161
Nationalism and class, 1967 to 1982 / 163
The creation of a new working class / 163
The bourgeoisie challenge and retreat / 165
The ruling families under Israeli occupation / 167
The Palestinian diaspora. 1982 to 1985 / 168
10. The Armenian National Question, Paul Saba / 173
The Ottoman Empire / 174
Armenia before the Ottoman conquest / 179
Armenians under Ottoman rule / 181
The Armenian national awakening / 182
After the genocide / 191
Armenia. Kurdistan. Palestine / 192
National liberation two roads / 193
A new unity in Kurdistan / 195
Split in the Palestinian movement / 196
Split in the Armenian revolutionary movement / 197
Index / 202
Tables
1.1 Distribution of land and average income of owner / 2
1.2 Gross Domestic Product and per capita income in Egypt, 1952-61 / 7
1.3 The relative contribution of the public sector and national capitalism in Egypt, 1970-71 / 8
1.4 Performance of the Egyptian economy, 1961-71 / 9
1.5 The share of national capitalism in Egypt’s manufacturing industries. 1963-68 / 10
2.1 Structure of employment in Syria, 1965-79 / 27
3.1 Iraqi oil revenues, selected years / 33
3.2 Iraqi population in urban and rural sectors / 34
3.3 Iraq economic statistics / 35
3.4 Structure of Iraq’s Gross Domestic Product. 1976 / 42
3.5 Structure of the Iraqi labour force. 1977 / 43
3.6 Large manufacturing in Iraq / 44
3.7 Public sector share of large manufacturing / 44
3.8 Employment structure of large manufacturing, 1976 / 45
3.9 Growth of the state sector / 47
3.10 Main sources of Iraqi imports 1975-79 / 48
4.1 Turkey's merchandise trade by selected years. 1950-85 / 58
4.2 Turkey's merchandise trade by decades. 1950-1985 / 58
4.3 Minimum wage and price index / 61
4.4 Turkey labour force statistics, selected years / 63
5.1 Land holdings and cultivated land / 77
5.2 Saudi Arabia employment by economic sector and nationality, 1975 / 82
9.1 The Palestinian population, 1981 / 158
9.2 Palestinians registered for relief as a percentage of the total Palestinian population, 1949 to 1979 / 164
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