Table of Contents
Acknowledgments / 5 List of Tables / 12 List of Figures / 12 Abbreviations and Symbols / 13
Chapter 1 Background to The Language, Community, and Fieldwork / 15 1.1 Introduction / 15 1.2 Mukri Central Kurdish and its speech community / 15 1.3 The status of Mukri within Kurdish dialectology / 18 1.4 Previous work on Mukri and Central Kurdish / 20 1.5 Fieldwork / 21 1.6 Corpus / 22
Chapter 2 The Grammar of Mukri Central Kurdish / 25 2.1 Introduction / 25 2.2 Phonology / 25 2.2.1 Phoneme system / 25 2.2.1.1 Vowel phonemes / 25 2.2.1.2 Consonant phonemes / 26 2.2.1.3 Description of phonemes and non-contrastive variation / 28 2.2.1.3.1 Stops and nasals / 29 2.2.1.3.2 Fricatives and affricates / 31 2.2.1.3.3 Rhotics / 33 2.2.1.3.4 Approximants / 33 2.2.1.3.5 Vowels / 34 2.2.1.4 Phoneme - grapheme associations / 37 2.2.2 Phonotactics / 38 2.2.2.1 Phoneme distribution / 38 2.2.2.2 Syllable structure / 38 2.2.2.3 Stress / 39 2.2.3 Major morphophonemic processes / 41 2.2.3.1 Pharyngealization / 41 2.2.3.2 Glide insertion / 42 2.2.3.3 Anaptyctic vowel insertion / 42 2.2.3.4 Metathesis / 42 2.2.3.5 Velar palatalization / 42 2.2.3.6 Contraction / 43 2.3 The morphosyntax of Mukri Central Kurdish / 44 2.3.1 Overview of the clause / 44 2.3.1.1 Simple clauses / 44 2.3.1.2 Copular clauses and similar constructions / 46 2.3.1.3 Grammatical functions and argument indexing / 48 2.3.1.4 Basic word order in the clause / 50 2.3.2 Nouns and noun morphology / 51 2.3.2.1 Nouns / 51 2.3.2.1.1 Remnant gender classes in nouns / 52 2.3.2.2 Noun derivation / 53 2.3.2.2.1 Affixation / 53 2.3.2.2.2 Compounding / 54 2.3.2.3 Local nouns / 55 2.3.2.4 Nominal inflectional morphology / 56 2.3.2.4.1 Indefiniteness suffix -ek/-ek / 56 2.3.2.4.2 Definiteness / 57 2.3.2.4.2.1 Definite suffix -eke / 57 2.3.2.4.2.2 Demonstrative clitic -e (dem.cl) / 60 2.3.2.4.3 Case, number, and gender marking / 61 2.3.2.4.3.1 Vocative case / 63 2.3.2.4.3.2 Gender marking / 64 2.3.3 Verbs and verb morphology / 64 2.3.3.1 Bare verbs and their stems / 64 2.3.3.2 Derivation of new verb meanings / 66 2.3.3.2.1 Preverbal derivation / 66 2.3.3.2.2 Adposition and pronoun incorporation / 67 2.3.3.2.3 Light verb constructions / 68 2.3.3.2.4 Nominalization / 70 2.3.3.2.5 The transitivizing suffix -and / 71 2.3.3.2.6 Passivization suffixes -rê/-ra / 72 2.3.3.2.7 Aspectual morpheme -ewe / 72 2.3.3.3 Verbal inflection: tense-aspect-mood and person / 73 2.3.3.3.1 Inventory of aspect-mood and negation markers / 73 2.3.3.3.1.1 Indicative and imperfective de- / 74 2.3.3.3.1.2 Irrealis bi- / 74 2.3.3.3.1.3 Negation prefixes nd-, ne-, and prohibitive me- / 74 2.3.3.3.1.4 Order/interactions of aspect-mood-negation prefixes / 75 2.3.3.3.2 Person agreement marking / 75 2.3.3.3.3 Verb forms of grammaticalized tense-aspect-moods / 76 2.3.3.3.3.1 Indicative present / 76 2.3.3.3.3.2 Past perfective / preterite / 76 2.3.3.3.3.3 Past imperfective / 76 2.3.3.3.3.4 Present perfect / 77 2.3.3.3.3.5 Past perfect / 78 2.3.3.3.3.6 Imperative and prohibitive / 79 2.3.3.3.3.7 Present subjunctive / 79 2.3.3.3.3.8 Past subjunctive / 80 2.3.3.3.3.9 Perfective counterfactual / 81 2.3.3.3.4 Periphrastic tense-aspect-mood expressions / 81 2.3.3.3.4.1 Progressive and prospective ‘xerik + copula’ / 81 2.3.3.3.4.2 Future auxiliary / 82 2.3.3.3.4.3 TAM function of demonstrative complex / 83 2.3.3.3.4.4 Modality constructions / 84 2.3.4 Adjectives and adverbs / 84 2.3.4.1 Adjectives / 84 2.3.4.1.1 Basic adjectives / 85 2.3.4.1.2 Adjective derivation / 86 2.3.4.1.3 Comparison of adjectives / 88 2.3.4.2 Adverbs / 89 2.3.5 Minor word classes / 91 2.3.5.1 Pronouns / 91 2.3.5.1.1 Clitic person markers / 91 2.3.5.1.2 Independent personal pronouns / 94 2.3.5.1.3 Indefinite pronouns / 96 2.3.5.1.4 Impersonals and honorifics / 97 2.3.5.2 Deictics / 98 2.3.5.2.1 Demonstrative determiner and pronotm / 98 2.3.5.2.2 Adverbial demonstratives / 100 2.3.5.3 Adpositions / 101 2.3.5.3.1 Simple adpositions / 101 2.3.5.3.2 Absolute adpositions / 102 2.3.5.3.3 Compound adpositions / 103 2.3.5.3.4 Circumpositions / 104 2.3.5.4 Quantifiers and numerals / 105 2.3.5.4.1 Numerals / 105 2.3.5.4.2 Lexical quantifiers / 107 2.3.5.5 Classifiers / 108 2.3.5.6 Conjunctions and particles / 108 2.3.5.6.1 Conjunctions / 108 2.3.5.6.2 Discourse connectives / 109 2.3.5.6.3 Discourse particles / 109 2.3.5.6.4 Interjections / 110 2.3.6 The syntax of the noun phrase / 110 2.3.6.1 Ezafe constructions / 111 2.3.6.1.1 Unmarked-i type NPs / 111 2.3.6.1.2 Compounding e-type NPs / 112 2.3.6.1.3 The particle de in ezafe constructions / 113 2.3.6.1.4 Multiple modification / 113 2.3.6.1.5 Independent/pronominal ezafe / 113 2.3.6.2 Adnominal possession / 114 2.3.6.3 Relative clauses / 114 2.3.7 Clausal Syntax / 116 2.3.7.1 Alignment and argument-indexing / 116 2.3.7.2 Argument structure / 117 2.3.7.3 The order of arguments / 118 2.3.7.4 Topicalization and focus / 120 2.3.7.5 Reflexive and reciprocal clauses / 123 2.3.7.6 Passive clauses / 124 2.3.7.7 Interrogative clauses / 125 2.3.7.7.1 Polar questions / 125 2.3.7.7.2 Content questions / 126 2.3.7.7.3 Rhetorical and tag questions / 127 2.3.7.8 Imperative clauses / 128 2.3.8 Complex sentences / 129 2.3.8.1 Inchoative sense of hênan / 129 2.3.8.2 Clause coordination / 129 2.3.8.3 Subordination / 133 2.3.8.3.1 Complement clauses / 133 2.3.8.3.2 Conditional clauses / 135 2.3.8.3.3 Temporal adverbial clauses / 136 2.4 Summary / 137
Chapter 3 Sample Annotated Texts / 138 3.1 Introduction / 138 3.2 Text 1: Hafretyi kêye? ‘Who deserves the woman? / 138 3.3 Text 7: Feqêy mekmûs ‘The wile-writer student / 153
Chapter 4 Texts and Translations from the Mukri Oral Literature / 179 4.1 Introduction / 179 4.2 Background to the texts / 179 4.2.1 Information on the narrators of the texts in this collection / 180 4.2.2 Text presentation, transcription, symbols, and translation / 181 4.3 Individual texts / 182 4.3.1 Text 1: Hafret yî kêye? “Who deserves the woman?” / 183 4.3.2 Text 2: Nanewaza.de “The son of a baker” / 188 4.3.3 Text 3: Cil qetl ‘Forty murders’ / 199 4.3.4 Text 4: Joldy aqil ‘The intelligent weaver’ / 213 4.3.5 Text 5: Mela kullo ‘Mullah Grasshopper’ / 217 4.3.6 Text 6: Feqêy mekmûs ‘The wile-writer student’ / 233 4.3.7 Text 7: Weziri kalekfiros ‘The melon-seller vizier’ / 241 4.3.8 Text 8: Carenûs ‘Destiny’ / 248 4.3.9 Text 9: Goristanê ddrebenê ‘The Dareben cemetery’ / 263 4.3.10 Text 10: Zini bas ‘The good woman’ / 268
Chapter 5 Lexicon / 281 Introduction to the lexicon / 281 Abbreviations for the lexical entries / 282 References / 299 Appendices / 303 Appendix 1 / Map of the Kurdish dialects of Iraq and Iran / 303
List of Tables
Table 1 The corpus of spoken texts in Mukri Kurdish / 23 Table 2 Vowel phonemes / 25 Table 3 Consonant phonemes / 27 Table 4 Phoneme-grapheme associations / 37 Table 5 Copular endings / 46 Table 6 Case and number inflection / 61 Table 7 Past versus present tense stems of verbs / 65 Table 8 Verbs derived by adverbial preverbs / 66 Table 9 Common light verb constructions / 68 Table 10 Verbs derived by the transitivizing suffix -and / 71 Table 11 Verbs derived by the aspectual morpheme -ewe / 72 Table 12 Aspect-mood and negation marking formatives / 74 Table 13 Position and order of aspect-mood and negation prefixes / 75 Table 14 Person agreement markers / 75 Table 15 Semantic property types of adjectives / 85 Table 16 Semantic property types of adverbs / 89 Table 17 Clitic person markers / 92 Table 18 Independent personal pronouns / 95 Table 19 Indefinite pronouns / 96 Table 20 Simple adpositions / 101 Table 21 Absolute adpositions and their relation with simple adpositions / 102 Table 22 Cardinal numbers / 105 Table 23 Morphological marking of arguments / 116 Table 24 The structure of the verbal clause and the common word order / 120 Table 25 Metadata of the Mukri oral literature texts / 179
List of Figures
Figure 1 / Kurdish varieties and the speech zone of Mukri Central Kurdish / 14 Figure 2 / Fieldwork localities in the Mukriyan region of northwestem Iran / 22 |