Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey

Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey

Peter Alford Andrews

Ludwig Reichert

Where accepted English spellings for the names of ethnic groups already exist, these have been used, especially if the group concerned is of other than Turkish origin: thus Chechen, Ingush, or Hemshinli are used rather than their equivalent Turkish spellings, though the latter are listed in the catalogue (section B). Similarly English spellings are used for religious denominations, as in Shii or Chaldean.
Otherwise all Turkish words, including the names of ethnic groups, personal names, and place names, have been given in the standard Turkish alphabet and spelling. Exceptions have been made, however, for Istanbul and Izmir, whose pronunciation is so well known to the Western reader that the dot on the initial I seems superfluous. Turkic words are treated similarly.
.....

Contents

List of Contents / 7

List of Photographs and Maps / 11

Acknowledgements / 13

Notes on Transcription, Listings, Abbreviations, and the Map / 14

A. Introduction
1. Aim / 17
2. Ethnicity in the Turkish Context / 19
a. The Ernie View / 20
b. The Etic View / 27
c. Balance / 31
3. Assimilation / 38
4. Unity / 41
5. The Map / 42
6. The Handbook / 49

B. Catalogue of Ethnic Groups
(with the same numeration as the map)
Explanation and key to abbreviations / 53
1. Turks: Sunni / 54
2. Turks: Alevi: general / 56
3. Turks: Sunni: Yörük / 58
4. Turks: Alevi:  Yörük / 62
5. Türkmen: Sunni / 63
6a-f. Türkmen: Alevi / 65
6g. Tahtaci: Alevi / 68
6h. Abdal: Alevi / 71
7. Azerbaijani Turks: Shii / 73
8. Azerbaijani Turks: Karapapah / 74
9. Uygurs / 77
10. Kirgiz / 78
11. Kazaks / 81
12. Özbeks / 83
13. Özbek Tatars / 84
14. Crimean Tatars / 86
15. Nogay Tatars / 87
16 a. Balkar and Karachay / 89
16 b. Kumuk (no. 19 on maps) / 91
17. Muslim immigrants from Bulgaria / 92
18. Muslim immigrants from other Balkan countries / 98
19. Muslim immigrants from Daghistan / 105
20. Sudanese / 107
21. Estonians / 109
22. Kurds: Sunni / 110
23 Kurds: Alevi / 116
24. Kurds: Yezidi / 118
25. Zazas: Sunni / 121
26. Zazas: Alevi / 123
27. Ossetes / 125
28. Armenians / 127
29. Hemshinli / 130
30. Albanians / 132
31. Kuban Cossacks / 133
32. Russians: Molokan / 134
33. Poles / 136
34. Gypsies / 138
35. Greeks: Christian / 142
36. Greek-speaking Muslims / 145
37. Germans / 147
38. Arabs: Sunni / 148
39. Arabs: Nusairi (Alawi) / 151
40. Arabs: Christian / 154
41. Jews / 157
42. Arameans: Syrian Orthodox Christian (Jacobite) / 161
43. Arameans: East Syrian Christian (Chaldean) / 163
44. Circassians and related groups / 167
45. Chechen and Ingush / 172
46. Georgians / 173
47. Laz / 176

C. Surveys
1. a. Villages in Eastern Anatolia, by language and religion, exstracted from the Köy Envanteri, Ankara (ca. 1965) by L. Nestmann / 179
b. Villages in Erzincan Province, by language and religion 1965,
after İ. Boynukalın (1975) / 199
c. Village population in Erzincan Province, by language and religion, 1965,
after i. Boynukahn (1975) / 200
2. a. Caucasians living in villages, by province and ethnic group,
after I.Aydemir (1973-5) / 201
b. Circassian Adighe living in villages, by province and tribe, after I. Aydemir (1973-5) / 203
3. Syrian Orthodox population in Mardin province, by village and town,
after H. Ritter (1967) and H. Anschütz (1981 and 1984) / 205
Cretan Muslim settlements ( 1981) by E. Danielsen / 209
5- Tribal groups in Hakkâri (1984) by L.Yalcin / 212
6. Gypsies: apparent distribution by province / 221
7. Provisional list of Abdal villages in Turkey, collected by A.Tietze / 226
a. Villages listed by an Abdal informant (1983) / 226
b. Villages listed by Gtizelbey for Gaziantep (1972) / 229
c. Village names collected from written sources / 231
d. Village names collected from other informants by R. Benninghaus (1986) / 236

D. Ethnic Groups Listed by Villages and Administrative Districts
1. Introduction to Village Lists / 239
a. Aim / 239
b. Scope / 240
c. Contents / 241
d. Order / 241
e. Sources / 242
f. Administrative Divisions and Identification of Villages / 242
g. Coordinates / 243
h. The Circassian List / 243
i. Relationship of the Lists to the Map / 244
Key 1: Abbreviations for Ethnic Groups / 246
Key 2: Abbreviations for Circassian sub-groups / 247
Key 3: Abbreviations for Sources of Ethnic Lists / 248
2. Lists of selected groups (with the same numeration as the map) / 252
1 Turks: Sunni: see Catalogue
2 a Turks: Alevi: General / 252
2b Turks: Alevi: Amuca / 264
3 Turks: Sunni: Yörük: see Catalogue
4 Turks: Yörük: Alevi / 265
5 a Türkmen: Sunni: unspecified / 265
5 b Türkmen: Sunni: Avşar / 271
5 c Türkmen: Sunni: Bekdik / 274
5 d Türkmen: Sunni: Çepni / 274
5 e Türkmen: Sunni: Çônali, igbeyli, Kuzugüden, Çahramani / 276
5 f Türkmen: Sunni: Hotami§ / 277
6 a Türkmen: Alevi: unspecified / 277
6 b Türkmen: Alevi: Avsar / 281
6 c Türkmen: Alevi: Barak / 281
6 d Türkmen: Alevi: Çepni / 283
6 e Türkmen: Alevi: Nalci / 286
6 f Türkmen: Alevi: Siraç / 286
6 g Türkmen: Alevi: Tahtaci / 288
6 h Abdal: see Survey 7
7 a Azerbaijani Turks: Shii (Azeri) / 294
7 b Azerbaijani Turks: Karabag: Sunni / 298
8 a Azerbaijani Turks: Karapapah (Terekeme) / 299
8 b Azerbaijanis: Karaçadirh / 301
9-13 Turkistanis: Uygur, Kirgiz, Kazak, Özbek, Özbek-Tatar / 302
14-15 Tatars (Crimean, Nogay, Kazan) and Bashkir / 304
16 Balkar and Karachay / 309
17-18 Muslim immigrants from Balkan countries / 310
19 Muslim immigrants from Daghistan: Avar, Dargwa, Kumuk, 
 Lak/Gazikumuk, Lezgi / 328
20 Sudanese / 331
21 Estonians / 331
22 Kurds: Sunni / 332
23 Kurds: Alevi / 342
24 Kurds Yezidi / 349
25 7ii£as; Sunpi / 352
26 Zazas: Alevi / 353
27 Ossetes / 354
28 a Armenians: Christian / 355
28b Muslims of Armenian origin / 357
29 a Hemshinli: Armenian-speaking / 358
29 b Hemshinli: Turkish-speaking / 359
30 Albanians / 361
31-33 Slavs: Kuban-Cossack, Molokan, Polish / 363
34 a Gypsies: unspecified / 364
34 b Gypsies: Po$a / 368
35 Greeks: Christian: see Catalogue
36 a Greek-speaking Muslims: Cretan, Cypriot, and others / 370
36 b Greek-speaking Muslims: Pontic / 373
37 Germans: see Catalogue
38 Arabs: Sunni / 374
39 Arabs: Nusairi / 379
40 Arabs: Christian / 383
41 Jews: see Catalogue
42 Arameans: Christian: West Syrian (Orthodox): see Survey 3
43 Arameans: Christian: East Syrian (Chaldean) / 384
44 Circassians and related groups, by B. Özbek / 385
45 Chechen (and Ingush) / 419
46 Georgians / 421
47 Laz / 429

E. Essays on Selected Groups by Contributing Authors
P. A. Andrews, Abdal / 435
P. A. Andrews, The Molokans / 438
P. A. Andrews, Tatars: Nogay, Kinm, Ozbek Tatar / 442
H. Anschütz, Christliche Gruppen in der Türkei / 454
R. Benninghaus, Some notes on the Karaçadirli / 472
R. Benninghaus, Zur Herkunft und Identität der Hemjinli / 475
R. Benninghaus, The Laz: an example of multiple identification / 497
K. Bodrogi, Das Alevitum in der Türkei.
Zur Genese und gegenwärtigen Lage einer Glaubensgemeinschaft / 503
P- J. Bumke. The Kurdish Alevis - boundaries and perceptions / 510
M. Epstein, The Jews in Turkey / 519
A. Gokalp, Alevisme nomade: des communautés de statut à l’identité communautaire / 524
U. Johansen, Die Esten in Anatolien / 538
D. N. MacKenzie, The role of the Kurdish language in ethnicity / 541
L. Nestmann, Die ethnische Differenzierung der Bevölkerung der Osttürkei in ihren sozialen Bezügen / 543
B. Özbek, Tscherkessen in der Türkei / 581
I.Svanberg, Turkistani refugees / 591
I.Svanberg, Marginal groups and itinerants / 602
M. M. van Bruinessen, The ethnic identity of the Kurds  / 613
L. Yalçin, On kinship, tribalism and ethnicity in Eastern Turkey / 622

Conclusion / 632

F. Bibliography
1. Abbreviations / 633
2. Published Sources / 634
3. Unpublished Studies from Turkish Universities / 652

Addenda and Corrigenda / 658

G. Maps
1. Yörük pastures between Fethiye and Silifike and the Toros mountains.
(After H. Saraçoglu 1968)
2. Administrative divisions in Turkey ca. 1962. (After an official map)

(Page 59 read “See map 1”)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A book of this kind could not be compiled without an enormous amount of help. I am deeply grateful to all those who have contributed information to it. Above all, of course, I am indebted to the Turks themselves. Countless individuals in villages all over Turkey, in taxis and in minibuses, in restaurants, cafés and shops, nomad camps, offices, and society drawing rooms, have made their contribution. Equally Turks from all walks of life here in Cologne have given their uninhibited help, often collecting names of villages from friends or relations. It would hardly be right or fair to single out particular people for mention: I thank them all from my heart.

I am equally indebted to academic colleagues who have answered my often-persistent queries with such patience and generosity. I should especially like to thank Dr. H. Anschütz, Pfarrer S. Barbé, Dr. P. Bumke, Dr. R. Cribb, Dr. E.Danielsen, W. Dietrich, Dr. M. Epstein, Arbogast Freiherr von und zu Franckenstein, Dr. A. Gökalp, Pfarrer Y. Harman, Dr. K.-P. Hartmann, Prof. R. H.Hewsen, Dr. U. Hirsch, S.Hissou, Prof. Dr. W.-D. Hütteroth, Prof. Dr. O.Jastrow, Dr. K. Kehl, Prof. D. N. MacKenzie, Dr. P. Mackridge, A. Mango, H.Mehn, B. Morvaridi, Prof. Dr. L. Nestmann, Dr. B. Ozbek, Prof. Dr. U. Planck, J. Powell, Prof. Dr. H.Sohrweide, Dr. I.Svanberg, Dr. F. Thordarson, Prof. Dr. A. Tietze, Dr. B. Wolbert, Dr. M. van Bruinessen, and Dr. L. Yalçin for all they have done to make the map and book a success. I owe a great deal to the initiative, patience and untiring help provided by my assistant, Rüdiger Benninghaus: without him the book could not have assumed its present form in the time available. G. Simbriger M.A., too, did much to help in editing some of the texts. My children have earned special thanks for standing by as an emergency labour force, notably in locating villages.

It is only the continuing support of all those responsible at the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft that has enabled me to complete the project. I thank them, as its sponsors, and the Sprecher, Prof. Dr. W. Röllig, the Coordinator, Prof. Dr. H. Kopp, and the Director of this Institute, Prof. Dr. U. Johansen, for their sustained faith and encouragement.

Finally I should like to thank my colleagues in the TAVO project, Dr. E. Orywal and Dr. K. Hackstein, for their advice during many discussions on the intricacies of ethnicity, and for helping me to avoid at least the more painful mistakes in my German correspondence.

Institut für Völkerkunde,
Universität zu Köln

Peter Alford Andrews

Note on Transcription

Where accepted English spellings for the names of ethnic groups already exist, these have been used, especially if the group concerned is of other than Turkish origin: thus Chechen, Ingush, or Hemshinli are used rather than their equivalent Turkish spellings, though the latter are listed in the catalogue (section B). Similarly English spellings are used for religious denominations, as in Shii or Chaldean.

Otherwise all Turkish words, including the names of ethnic groups, personal names, and place names, have been given in the standard Turkish alphabet and spelling. Exceptions have been made, however, for Istanbul and Izmir, whose pronunciation is so well known to the Western reader that the dot on the initial I seems superfluous. Turkic words are treated similarly.

Non-Turkish names have been given in the usual Tubingen transcription system, where appropriate (see Arbeitsheft Nr. 15). Otherwise they have been taken from standard works such as Geiger et alii. In the case of Kurdish, there may be some inconsistency in the vocalisation, since most of the sources are Turkish, and reflect a Turkicised pronunciation: the names of tribes and places have generally been spelled with the vowels as originally recorded, and the editor asks to be excused for his inability to provide more authoritative transcriptions.

Note on Listings

In the arrangement of the towns and villages listed, the usual Turkish order has been followed, ranked according to province, sub-province, and district (il, ike, bucak, or in the old parlance vilayet, kaza, nahiye). The villages then follow in alphabetical order. Spellings of place names are as given in the Genei Nüfiis Sayimi (census) for 1975, and Köylerimiz 1981. Map 2 in this volume shows these divisions for the period ca. 1962.
Ethnic groups are listed in the catalogue (section B) and the village lists (section D) according to the numeration given on the map, but with the addition of some sub-numeration.

Provincial centres are referred to, particularly in the lists, as cities, and sub-provincial centres as towns, regardless of size, in order to avoid the confusion arising from the dual use of il and ike in Turkish.

…..

Peter Alford Andrews

Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey

Ludwig Reichert

Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verla
Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey
Peter Alford Andrew's

Beihefte Zum Tübinger Atlas
Des Vorderen Orients

Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Sonderforschungsbereichs 19
von Heinz Gaube und Wolfgang Rollig

Reihe B
(Geisteswissenschaften)
Nr. 60

Peter Alford Andrew's (Hg.)
Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey

Wiesbaden 1989
Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag