The Ancient Languages of Asia and The Americas

The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas

In the following pages, the reader will discover what is, in effect, a linguistic description of all known ancient languages. Never before in the history of language study has such a collection appeared within the covers of a single work. This volume brings to student and to scholar convenient, systematic presentations of grammars which, in the best of cases, were heretofore accessible only by consulting multiple sources, and which in all too many instances could only be retrieved from scattered, out-of-the-way, disparate treatments. For some languages, the only existing comprehensive grammatical description is to be found herein.

This work has come to fruition through the efforts and encouragement of many, to all of whom the editor wishes to express his heartfelt gratitude. To attempt to list all – colleagues, students, friends – would, however, certainly result in the unintentional and unhappy neglect of some, and so only a much more modest attempt at acknowledgments will be made. Among those to whom special thanks are due are first and foremost the contributors to this volume, scholars who have devoted their lives to the study of the languages of ancient humanity, without whose expertise and dedication this work would still be only a desideratum. Very special thanks also go to Dr. Kate Brett of Cambridge University Press for her professionalism, her wise and expert guidance, and her unending patience, also to her predecessor, Judith Ayling, for permitting me to persuade her of the project’s importance. I cannot neglect mentioning my former colleague, Professor Bernard Comrie, now of the Max Planck Institute, for his unflagging friendship and support. Kudos to those who masterfully translated the chapters that were written in languages other than English: Karine Megardoomian for Phrygian, Dr. Margaret Whatmough for Etruscan, Professor JohnHuehnergard for Ancient South Arabian. Last of all, but not least of all, I wish to thank Katherine and Paul – my inspiration, my joy.

Roger D. Woodard
Christmas Eve 2002

Contents

List of figures page / vi
List of tables / vii
List of maps / viii
List of contributors / ix
Notes on numbering and cross-referencing / x
List of abbreviations / xi
Preface, Roger D. Woodard / xv
Preface to the first edition, Roger D. Woodard / xix

1 Language in ancient Asia and the Americas: an introduction, Roger D. Woodard / 1
2 Sanskrit, Stephanie W. Jamison / 6
3 Middle Indic, Stephanie W. Jamison / 33
4 Old Tamil, Sanford B. Steever / 50
5 Old Persian, Rüdiger Schmitt / 76
6 Avestan, Mark Hale / 101
7 Pahlavi, Mark Hale / 123
8 Ancient Chinese, Alain Peyraube / 136
9 Mayan, Victoria R. Bricker / 163
10 Epi-Olmec (Zapotec appendix), Terrence Kaufman and John Justeson / 193

Appendix 1. Reconstructed ancient languages, Don Ringe / 234
Appendix 2. Full tables of contents from The Cambridge Encyclopedia of theWorld’s Ancient Languages, and from the other volumes in the paperback series / 251
Index of general subjects / 256
Index of grammar and linguistics / 258
Index of languages / 261
Index of named linguistic laws and principles / 264

Preface
Preliminary remarks

What makes a language ancient? The term conjures up images, often romantic, of archeologists feverishly copying hieroglyphs by torchlight in a freshly discovered burial chamber; of philologists dangling over a precipice in some remote corner of the earth, taking impressions of an inscription carved in a cliff-face; of a solitary scholar working far into the night, puzzling out some ancient secret, long forgotten by humankind, from a brittle-leafed manuscript or patina-encrusted tablet. The allure is undeniable, and the literary and film worlds have made full use of it.

An ancient language is indeed a thing of wonder – but so is every other language, all remarkable systems of conveying thoughts and ideas across time and space. And ancient languages, as far back as the very earliest attested, operate just like those to which the linguist has more immediate access, all with the same familiar elements – phonological, morphological, syntactic – and no perceptible vestiges ofNeanderthal oddities. If there was a time when human language was characterized by features and strategies fundamentally unlike those we presently know, it was a time prior to the development of any attested or reconstructed language of antiquity. Perhaps, then, what makes an ancient language different is our awareness that it has outlived those for whom it was an intimate element of the psyche, not so unlike those rays of light now reaching our eyes that were emitted by their long-extinguished source when dinosaurs still roamed across the earth (or earlier) – both phantasms of energy flying to our senses from distant sources, long gone out.

That being said, and rightly enough, we must return to the question of what counts as an ancient language. As ancient the editor chose the upward delimitation of the fifth century AD. This terminus ante quem is one which is admittedly “traditional”; the fifth is the century of the fall of the western Roman Empire (AD 476), a benchmark which has been commonly (though certainly not unanimously) identified as marking the end of the historical period of antiquity.Any such chronological demarcation is of necessity arbitrary – far too arbitrary – as linguists accustomed to making such diachronic distinctions as Old English,Middle English,Modern English or Old Hittite,Middle Hittite, Neo-Hittite are keenly aware. Linguistic divisions of this sort are commonly based upon significant political events and clearly perceptible cultural shifts rather than upon language phenomena (though they are surely not without linguistic import as every historical linguist knows). The choice of the boundary in the present concern – the ancient-language boundary – is, likewise (as has already been confessed), not mandated by linguistic features and characteristics of the languages concerned...

Roger D. Woodard
Vernal Equinox 2007

The Ancient Languages of Asia
and the Americas

Edited by
Roger D. Woodard

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Victoria R. Bricker-Tulane University
Mark Hale-Concordia University, Montreal
Stephanie W. Jamison-University of California at Los Angeles
John Justeson-State University of New York at Albany
Terrence Kaufman-University of Pittsburgh
Alain Peyraube-Université de Paris
Don Ringe-University of Pennsylvania
Rüdiger Schmitt-Universität des Saarlandes
Sanford B. Steever-New Canaan, Connecticut
Roger D. Woodard-University of Buffalo (The State University of New York)