VersionsThe Cambridge History of Iran - I [English, Cambridge, 1968]
The Cambridge History of Iran - II [English, Cambridge, 1989]
The Cambridge History of Iran - III [English, Cambridge, 2000]
The Cambridge History of Iran - IV [English, Cambridge, 1975]
The Cambridge History of Iran - V [English, Cambridge, 1968]
The Cambridge History of Iran - VI [English, Cambridge, 1986]
The Cambridge History of Iran - II
Ilya Gershevitch
Cambridge University Press
The Publishers wish to acknowledge the major contribution to the completion of this volume made by Mr Hubert Darke, who willingly undertook a wide range of editorial responsibilities to assist in its publication.
Thanks are also due to Mr Peter Khoroche for assistance with proofs; and to Mr Colin Ronan for help in the preparation of the astronomical diagrams in chapter 16. The index is by Mrs Hilda Pearson. The Publishers and the Editorial Board of the Cambridge History of Iran are grateful for a generous subvention towards editorial and production costs of this volume provided by the Foundation for Iranian Studies, Washington, D.C.
Acknowledgements are due to all who have provided and given permission to reproduce photographs and line drawings.
Contents
List ofplates / x
List of text figures / xiv
List of maps / xvi
1 Elam / 1
by I. M. Diakonoff, Senior Research Worker. Oriental Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Leningrad
2 Anshan in the Median and Achaemenian Periods / 25
by J. Hansman
3 Media / 36
by I. M. Diakonoff
4 The Scyths / 149
by the late T. Sulimirski
5 The Rise of the Achaemenids and Establishment of Their Empire / 200
by J. M. Cook, Emeritus Professor of Ancient History and Classical Archeology, University of Bristol
6 Persia and the Greeks / 292
by A. R. Burn
7 Cyrus the Great (558-529 B.C.) / 392
by the late Max Mallowan
8 Alexander in Iran / 420
by E. Badian, John Moors Cabot Professor of History, Harvard University
9 The Persia Occupation of Egypt / 502
by E. Bresciani, Professor of Egyptology, University of Pisa
10 The Babylonian Evidence of Achaemenian Rule in Mesopotamia / 529
by the late A. L. Oppenheim
11 The Evidence of the Persepolis Tablets / 588
by the late R. T. Hallock
12 Achaemenid Coins, Weights and Measures / 610
by A. D. H. Bivar, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
13 The Old Eastern Iranian World View According to the Avesta / 640
by M. Schwartz, Professor of Near Eastern Studies, University of California, Berkeley
14 The Religion of Achaemenian Iran / 664
by M. Schwartz
15 Aramaic in the Achaemenian Empire / 698
by J. C. Greenfield, Professor of Ancint Semitic Languages, Hebrew University, Jerusalem
16 Old Iranian Calendars / 714
by the late Willy Hartner
17 Classic Achaemenian Architecture And Sculpture / 793
by Edith Porada, Arthur Lehman Professor Emeritus of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University, New York
18 The Behistun Relief / 828
by Ann Farkas, Professor of Anthropology and Archaeology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York
19 Tepe Nūsh-i Jān: the Median Settlement / 832
by Oavid Stronach, Professor of Near Eastern Archaeology, University of California, Berkeley
20 Pasargadae / 838
by David Stronach
21 Metalwork and Glyptic
by P. R. S. Moorey, Keeper of the Department of Antiquities, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
Appendix I - Plant Names / 870
by H. W. Bailey, Emeritus Professor of Sanskrit, University of Cambridge
Appendix II - The Achaemenid Dynasty / 874
Bibliography / 875
Index / 931
PUBLISHERS' NOTE
The Publishers wish to acknowledge the major contribution to the completion of this volume made by Mr Hubert Darke, who willingly undertook a wide range of editorial responsibilities to assist in its publication.
Thanks are also due to Mr Peter Khoroche for assistance with proofs; and to Mr Colin Ronan for help in the preparation of the astronomical diagrams in chapter 16. The index is by Mrs Hilda Pearson. The Publishers and the Editorial Board of the Cambridge History of Iran are grateful for a generous subvention towards editorial and production costs of this volume provided by the Foundation for Iranian Studies, Washington, D.C.
Acknowledgements are due to all who have provided and given permission to reproduce photographs and line drawings.
Chapter I
Elam
1. The Emergence of the Elamite City-StatesThe earliest part of present-day Iran to reach the level of urban and class civilization was the region which later was called Khūzistān and which in ancient history is usually designated by its Biblical name of Elam (.Hebr Elām). It lies outside what geographically is the Iranian Plateau properly speaking, and is a plain surrounded from three sides by mountains and crossed by rivers flowing from the highlands into the Persian Gulf - the Karkhah (or Saimarreh, the Assyrian Uknû, the Greek Choaspēs) and the Kārūn. (the Assyrian Ulāi, the Eulaeus of the Greeks),1 as well as by the river Āb-i Diz (Copratēs) running parallel to the Karkhah but halfway down the plain flowing into the Kārūn. Through the ages the courses of the Karkhah, the Kārūn and its affluents, and the Āb-i Diz, as they ran across the lowlands of Elam, changed many times, and many canals, later silted up, have at various times been led from them into the parched country around, or between the rivers as their connection. The part of the alluvial plain nearer to the sea was in ancient times covered by shallow freshwater lakes and salt or brackish lagoons, overgrown with reeds and gradually turning into marshland, and the coastline lay farther north than now. The winter on the plain of Elam is mild, the temperature but seldom falling below zero Centigrade, and the summer very hot indeed, the heat sometimes reaching 60° C. The precipitation is scarce, but the valley can be irrigated by the water of the rivers. Thus, the climate and the general ecological conditions of Elam were very similar to those of neighbouring Sumer in the lower valley of the Euphrates (now in Iraq); the historical development of both countries was also typologically similar and more or less simultaneous. But the two countries were separated by a stretch of marshes and desert difficult to pass, and so the usual road connecting Elam with Sumer led either along the foot-hills towards the north-west, or in the same direction upwards into the mountains along the valley of the Karkhah and then ... 1) The ancient Eulaeus (Ulāi was apparently the modern Ša'ur plus the lower part of the Karun. [Differently John Hansman, "Charax and the Karkheh", IA VII (1967),25-58.]
Ilya Gershevitch
The Cambridge History of Iran - II
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press
The Cambridge History of Iran
Volume 2
The Median and Achaemenian Periods
edited by
Ilya Gershevitch
Board of Editors
Sir Harold Bailey (Chairman)
Emeritus Professor of Sanskrit
University of Cambridge
Basil Gray (Vice-Chairman)
Formerly Keeper of the Oriental Antiquities
British Museum
P. W. Avery
Lecturer in Persian
University of Cambridge
C. E. Bosworth
Professor of Arabic Studies
University of Manchester
Ilya Gershevitch
Emeritus Reader in Iranian Studies
University of Cambridge
Mahmoud Sana'i
Emeritus Professor of Psychology
University of Tehran
H. S. G. Darke (Editorial Secretary)
Formerly Lecturer in Persian
University of Cambridge
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