Oriente Moderno
Mirella Galletti
Istituto per l’Oriente C. A. Nallino
During thè last few centuries, thè orientai lands have been thè focus of ar- tention of visitors and explorers from Muslim and European countries. For politicai and geographical reasons, Iran has always fascinated thè visitors. The Iranian road and trade networks, have contributed effectively to thè lame of Iran. Muslims and also some other travellers usually chose sea routes, but Euro- peans preferred land routes. The traditional routes were as follows:
1. The western route: through Moscow, Constantinople, Alexandria thè Red Sea, or in | 
