Table of Contents
Acknowledgments /xi Foreword to the Third Edition / xiii Foreword to the First Edition / xv
1 Iraq Before the Revolution of 1958 / 1 Early Modern Iraq:fr om Ottoman Frontier Province to British Military Occupation, c. 1550–1914 / 1 Economy and Society, c. 1850–1914 / 3 The Last Years of Ottoman Rule / 5 The Origins and Development of British Interests in Iraq and the Gulf Area / 7 British Occupation and Mandate, 1914–1932 / 8 ‘Independent’ Iraq / 15 Political Currents, c. 1920–1946 / 16 The Kurds under the Mandate and Monarchy / 23 Economy and Society before the Revolution of 1958: Land Tenure and Rural Social Structure / 30 Economy and Society before the Revolution of 1958: Urban Life and the Urban Economy / 35 The Last Years of the Monarchy, 1946–1958 / 38
2 1958–1963 / 47 Preparations for the Coup:Qasim and the Free Officers before July 1958 / 47 The Coup and the Revolution of 14 July 1958 / 49 The Political Climate in the Immediate Aftermath of the Revolution / 51 The Emergence of ‘Abd al-Karim Qasim / 52 ‘Unity Now’ versus ‘Federation’ / 55 The Split between Qasim and ‘Arif, August to November 1958 / 58 The Rashid ‘Ali ‘Coup’ / 60 The Communist ‘Threat’ / 62 Mosul, March 1959 / 66 Kirkuk, July 1959 / 70 The Attempt on Qasim’s Life, October 1959 / 72 The Breaking of the Radical Left / 74 Social and Economic Policies, 1958–1963 / 76 The Kurdish Question, 1958–1963 / 79 Qasim’s Last Years, 1961–1963 / 82
3 1963–1968 / 85 The Origins of Ba‘thism / 87 The Ba‘th in Iraq / 90 The Ba‘th-Nationalist Alliance, February-November 1963 / 92 The Regime of ‘Abd al-Salam ‘Arif, 1963–1966 / 93 The Government of ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz, September 1965 to August 1966 / 97 The Presidency of ‘Abd al-Rahman ‘Arif, April 1966 to July 1968 / 99 Social and Economic Policies, 1963–1968 / 101 The Kurdish Question under the ‘Arifs / 102 The Communists under the ‘Arifs 104
4 1968–1972 / 107 The Background to the July 1968 Coups:t he Ba‘th Party and the Struggle for Power / 108 The Coups of July 1968 / 112 The Government of 30 July 1968 / 116 The First Steps on the Road to Oil Nationalisation: Negotiations with the Soviet Union, March-July 1969 / 123 Relations with the ICP and KDP, 1969–1970 / 126 The Ba‘th and Black September / 132 Further Power Struggles:The Emergence of Saddam Husayn / 134 Social and Economic Policies, 1968–1972 / 137 The Uneasy Road to Reconciliation:The Ba‘th, the Communists and the Kurds, 1970–1972 / 140 The Background to the Nationalisation of the Iraq Petroleum Company / 145
5 1972–1975 / 149 For and Against the National Patriotic Front / 151 The Consequences of the Nationalisation of the IPC / 154 The Formation of the National Patriotic Front / 156 The Kurds and the National Front / 158 The Defiance and Defeat of Nazim Kazzar, June-July 1973 / 160 The Ba‘th, the Kurds and Iran, 1973–1974 / 164 Open Warfare, 1974–1975 / 167
6 1975–1980 / 171 1973–1975:t he Ba‘th Dig In / 172 Iraq’s Relations with Its Neighbours, 1973–1975 / 176 Domestic Politics, 1975–1979 / 178 The Kurds, 1975–1979 / 187 The Shi‘i Opposition / 190 Foreign Relations, 1975–1980 / 200 The Struggle for Power within the Ba‘th Party — Saddam Husayn and his Rivals, 1976–1980 / 206
7 Economy and Society since 1958 / 215 Oil and the Iraqi Economy, 1958–1963 / 216 Economy and Society under the ‘Arif Brothers / 219 Economy and Society Under the Ba‘th / 227
8 The War between Iraq and Iran / 255 Iraq and Iran, 1975–1979 / 255 The Early Years of the War / 257 The Political Impact of the War on Iraq / 262 The Effects of the War on the Iraqi Economy / 264 The Last Two Years of the War:1986 –1988 / 266 al-Anfal, 1988 / 269 The Political and Military Situation after the War / 270 The Reconstruction of the Economy and the Bureaucracy / 274 Prelude to Invasion / 277
9 The Invasion of Kuwait and Its Aftermath / 281 Perceptions and Misperceptions:Some Considerations of the Background to the Invasion / 283 The Aftermath of the Gulf War / 288 The Risings in the Shi‘i South and Kurdistan / 289 Sanctions and the United Nations Inspections / 290 Kurdish Politics since 1991 / 295 Shi‘i Politics since 1991 / 299 Human Rights in Iraq / 301 Iraqi Politics since 1991 / 304
Conclusion / 308 Notes / 311 Bibliography / 361 Index / 381 |