Contents
Dedication / 5
Preface / 7
Foreword / 9
Chapter I.
Physical features of Armenia. — Geography. — Generalities / 15-49
Ararat, 15. — The Alagheuz, 16, — The Gheuk-tchaï or Sevanga, 20. — The Araxes. 21. — The plain of Erivan, 22. — The Qara-bagh and the Qara-dagh, 24. — The plain of Moughan, 27. — Azerbaïdjan, 28. — Persian Kurdistan, 29. — The Erzerum plateau, 30. — Lazistan and the Pontic Alps, 32. — Climate of the Armenian plateau, 34. — The Armenian stronghold, 35. — Southern Armenia, 37. — Turkish Kurdistan, 38. — Western Armenia, 39. — Frontiers of Armenia, 41. — The provinces of Armenia, 43. — Greater and Lesser Armenia, 45. — New Armenia or Sissouan, 45. — The three Armenias, 49.
Chapter II.
Origin of the Armenian people. — Sojourn of the Armeno-Phrygians in Thrace. — Their crossing into Asia. — Their march to the Ararat country. — Conquest of the Erzerum plateau. — The Haikian patriarchs. — The legendary dynasty. — Median ascendancy. — The kingdom of Armenia under Achaemenean suzerainty. — The Macedonian conquest. — The dynasty of Phraataphernes. — Rule of the Seleucids of Syria / 50-84
Armenian beginnings, 51. — The Armeno-Phrygians of Herodotus, 52. — The Armenians of the 12th to the 8th century B.C., 53. — The Iranians in the 8th century B.C., 54. — The Urartaeans not the ancestors of the Armenians, 55. — Armenian traditions concerning the kingdom of Urartu, 58. — Migration of the Armenians, 59. — Legendary dynasties, 62. — The invasion of the Scythians, 65. — Conquest of Armenia by Haik, 65. — The Armenian language, 67. — The religion of the Armenians in ancient times, 69. — Armenia subdued by the Persian Achaemeneans, 72. — The Anabasis of the Ten Thousand through Armenia, 75. — The Alexandrian conquest, 78. — Armenia under Alexander's successors, 79. — Erivan founded, 79. — Ervand (Orontes), governor of Armenia, 79. — Artaxias, king of Armenia, 81. — Zariadras, 82. — Numismatic records, Charaspes, Arsames, Abdissares, and Xerxes, kings of Armenia, known only from their coins, 83. sq. —
Chapter III.
Reign of Tigranes II the Great, — Lucullus and Pompey in Armenia. — The country divided by the Romans. — The last kings of the dynasty of Artaxias / 85-109
Artavazd II, 86. — Tigranes II the Great, 87. — Mithidrates V. defeated by Sulla, 89. — Lucullus, 90. — Battle of Tigranocerta, 91. — Recall of Lucullus, 94. — Pompey in Armenia, 95. — Submission of Tigranes II, 96. — Armenia under Tigranes II, 98. — Marcus Crassus in Asia, 100. — Artavazd III, 100. — Defeat of Crassns, 101. — Mark Antony in Asia, 104. — Alexander, son of Antony and Cleopatra, king of Armenia, 107. — Artashes II, 107. — Last successors of Artaxias, 108. — Tigranes III and Tigranes IV, 108.
Chapter IV.
The foreign dynasty (A.D. 2-53). — The Arsacids of Armenia (A.D. 53-429). — Tiridates II the Great (A.D. 217-238). — Conversion of Armenia to Christianity. — Saint Gregory the Illuminator / 110-136
Ariobaizanes, 110. — Artavazd V, 111. — Tigranes V, 111. — Erato, 111. — Vonones, 111. — Artashes III, 112. — Archak I, 112. — Mithidrates, 112. — Rhadamistus, 112. — Tiridates I, 115. — Corbulo, 116. — Tigranes VI, 116. — Exedares, 117. — First Arsacids of Armenia, 118. — Tiridates II (Chosroes I), 118. — Accession of the Sassanids to the Persian throne, 226. — Tiridates III and St. Gregory the Illuminator, 124. — Conversion of Armenia to Christianity, 124. — Founding of the Patriarchal See of Etchmiadzin, 127. — The Armenian Church, 130. — Artavazd VI, 132. — Chosroes H, Tiran, Archak II, Pap, Varazdat, Archak III, Chosroes III, Vrampachouh, 132. — St. Sahak and St. Mesrop 133. — Invention of Writing, 133. — Last Arsacid kings of Armenia, 135. — The Marzpans, 135. — Vardan Mamikonian, 135. — Vahan Mamikonian, 136.
Chapter V.
The Arab conquest. — Armenia a province of the Empire of the Caliphs / 137-152
End of the Sassanid Empire, Yezdedjerd IV, 138. — Abd-er-Raham enters Armenia, 139. — Struggle between the Byzantines and Arabs in Armenia, 140. — Arab government set up in Georgia and Armenia, 142. — Ashot, governor of Armenia for the Arabs, 143. —Description of the site of Ani, 144. — Ashot, "prince of princes", (king of Ani), 148. —
Chapter VI.
The Dynasty of the Bagratids / 153-186
Origin of the Bagratids, 153. — Aehot I, 154. — Sembat I, 157. — Khatchik-Gaghik, king of Vaspurakan, 159 Ashot II, king of Ani, 161. — Abas, 163. — Ashot III, 163. — Division of Armenia into seven kingdoms, 165. — Sembat II, 167. — Gaghik I, 168. — Sembat III, 172. — Arrival of the Turks in Armenia, 173. — Armenian principality of Sivas, 174. — Gaghik II, 176. — Exile of Gaghik II, 177. — Assassination of Gaghik II, 179. — Taking of Ani by the Seljuk Turks, 182. — Role of the Armenian nobility, 184.
Chapter VII.
The Barony of New Armenia / 187-221
Revolt of Rupen, 188. — Cilicia, 190. — Constantine I and Thoros I, barons, 194. — Arrival of the Second Crusade, 195. — Leo I, baron, 198. — Captivity of Leo I, 200. — Thoros II, baron, 201. — Mleh, baron, 209. — Rupen II, baron, 211. — Leo II, baron, 212. — Arrival of the Third Crusade, 212.
Chapter VIII.
The Kingdom of New Armenia / 222-274
Leo I, king of Armenia, 222. — The Court of Armenia, 227. — The Commerce of the Armenians, 228. — Isabel, queen, 231. — Hetum I, king of Armenia, 232. — Leo II, king of Armenia, 237. — Helum II. 240. — Thoros, 242. — Sempad and Constantine, usurpers, 242. — Return of Hetum II to power, 244. — Leo III, 245. — Ochin, 246. — Leo IV, 247. — Guy of Lusignan (Constantine II), 250. — Constantine III, 253. — Constantine IV, 255. — Leo V. of Lusignan 258. — Leo V in Cyprus, 260. — Crowning of Leo V, 265. — Siege of Sis, 266, — Taking of Sis by the Moslems, 269. — Capitulation of the Castle of Sis, 269. — Captivity of Leo v., 270. — Liberation of Leo V, 271. — Death of Leo V, 271.
Chapter IX.
Armenia, after the loss of its independence / 275-314
Moslems' attitude to Christians in conquered countries, 275. — Turkish domination in Armenia, 278. — The Mongols in Armenia, 278. — Persian rule, 281. — The Armenians appeal to Europe, 282. — Peter the Great and Catherine, 283. — Conquest of Upper Armenia by Russia, 285. — Treaty of Adrianople, 287. — Zeitoun, 290. — Treaty of San Stefano, 291. — Congress of Berlin, 292. — Cyprus Agreement, 293. — The causes of the massacres, 296. — Armenian nobility in the 20th century, 298. — The Patriarchs, 300. — The Young Turks, 303. — The massacres, 304. — The population of the Ottoman Empire, 313. — The Armenian population, 313.
Chapter X.
The Armenians outside of Armenia. — The population of Armenia and of the Armenian Colonies / 315-337
The Armenian Emperors of Byzantium, 315. — Manricius Tiberius, 317. — Flavius Heraclius I, 318. — Constans II, 320. — Constantine IV Pogonatus, 320. — Justinian II, 321. — Tiberius IV, 321. — Filepicus Bardanes, 321. — Artavazdus, 321. — Leo V the Armenian, 322. — Michael III and Basil I, 322. — Alexander, 323. — Constantine X. Porphyrogenetus, 323. — Romanus I, 324. — John Zimesces, 325. — Constantine XI Porphyrogenetus, 325. — Armenian Empresses and Princesses, 326. — The Armenian officials of the Greek Empire, 326. — The Bagratid dynasty of Georgia, 327. — The Armenians in Persia and Constantinople, 328. — The Armenians in Poland, 330. — The Armenians in western Europe, 333. — The Armenians in India and the Far-East, 334. — The Armenians in Venice, the Mekhitharists, 334. — The Armenians in Russia, 334. — Russian administration of the Armenians, 335. — The Armenians in America, 336.
Chapter XI
Literature, Science, and Art among the Armenians / 338-391
Ancient writing of Asia, 338. — Armenian writing, 340. — Mesrop, 341. — Ancient Armenian literature, 345. — Moses of Khoren, 351. — Liturgical poetry, 352. — Secular poetry, 353. — Armenian troubadours, 355. — Modem Armenian literature, 356. — Armenian versification, 362. — The Sciences, 363. — Printing, 364. — Newspapers and Reviews, 364. — Music, 368. — The Stage, 370. — Architecture and Sculpture, 370. — Frescoes and Icons, 381. — Illumination of Manuscripts, 381. — Coining of money in Georgia, 385. — The industrial arts, 389. — Dancing, 391.
Chapter XII.
Events in Armenia, since the fall of the Czar's government in Russia (1917-1918) / 392-397
Appendices
Chronology. — Remotest times. — Legendary data, 401. — Historical data. Earliest times, 402. — First Period of Independence, 402. — Rule of the Seleucids, 402. Second period of Independence, Dynasty of Artaxias, 402. — Foreign Dynasty, 402. — Arsacids of Armenia, 403. — Persian Rule, Marzpans or Governors-General, 403. — Governors-General of Byzantine Armenia, 404. — Arab rule, Ostikans or Governors-General, 405. — Third Period of Independence, Dynasty of the Armenian Bagratids, 407. — Fourth Period of Independence, Dynasty of the Rupenians in New Armenia, I, the Barons, II. the Kings, 407-8.
Ecclesiastical Chronology. — Catholici of Etchmiadzin, 409. — Catholici of Cilicia, 411. — Catholici of Akhthamar, 412. — Catholici of Aghouan, 412. — Patriarchs of Jerusalem, 413. — Patriarchs of Constantinople, 414.
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