Contents
Preface / ix Transliterations / xv
Part I An Imperial Model
1. Introduction / 3 Empire: An Analytic Framework / 9 The Longevity of Empires: Critical Concepts and Issues / 15
2. Emergence: Brokerage across Networks / 28 A Frontier Society: Contradictions, Constraints, and Opportunities / 36 Osman: The Construction of a Network (1290-1326) / 45 The Internal Boundaries of the New State / 58 Conclusion / 64 Appendix to Chapter 2 / 65
3. Becoming an Empire: Imperial Institutions and Control / 67 From Conquest to Imperial Domains / 72 Establishing a Strong Center: Patrimonial Army and Peoples / 74 Establishing Provincial Rule and Managing Frontiers / 83 Establishing Control: A Segmented Society and a Flexible Economy / 93 Legitimating a Normative Order / 98 Conclusion: The Role of Islam / 104
4. Maintaining Empire: An Expression of Tolerance / 109 Ottoman Tolerance: Marking the Boundaries / 119 The Devshirme / 123 Conversion / 125 The Sürgün / 128 A Capacious Administration of Difference / 130 Institutional Genesis / 132 Alternatives to Religious Community / 143 The Absence of Intercommunal Violence / 146 Conclusion / 150
5. The Social Organization of Dissent / 154 Persecuting the Past: Heterodoxy under Fire / 164 Șeyh Bedreddin / 169 The Kizilbaș (Redheads) / 175 Celalis / 178 Islamic Ultra Orthodoxy and Jewish Messianism: Dissent in the Seventeenth Century / 181 Conclusion / 190
Part II The Transformation of the Eighteenth Century
6. An Eventful Eighteenth Century: Empowering the Political / 197 A Short Historical Account of the Eighteenth Century / 201 State Power and Social Forces: Three Episodes of Learning the Politics of Opposition / 205 The Edirne Event: 1703 / 206 The Patrona Halil Revolt: 1730 / 213 The Sened-i Ittifak: 1808 / 218 Conclusion / 225
7. A Networking Society: Commercialization, Tax Farming, and Social Relations / 226 Tax Farming and Commercialization / 228 The Extension of Ottoman Tax Farming / 229 The Brave New World of Trade / 236 Reworking Elite Networks: Institutions, Actors, and Activities / 242 Notables, State Positions, and Tax Farms / 244 Notables and Trade / 252 The Transitional Modernity of Notables / 256 Conclusion / 262
8. On the Road out of Empire: Ottomans Struggle from Empire to Nation-State / 264 Toward State Centralization / 266 Decentralization, Decline, or Restoration under Federalism: The Role of Tax Farming / 270 Minorities at Risk: Toleration Unraveled and the Construction of “Bounded Identities” / 277 Religion and Legitimacy / 289
Bibliography / 297 Index / 323 |