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Crisis of the Ottoman Empire


Auteur :
Éditeur : Franz Steiner Verlag Date & Lieu : 2000, Stuttgart
Préface : Pages : 524
Traduction : ISBN : 3-515-07687-5
Langue : AnglaisFormat : 160x235 mm
Code FIKP : Liv. Ang. 1949Thème : Histoire

Présentation
Table des Matières Introduction Identité PDF
Crisis of the Ottoman Empire

Crisis of the Ottoman Empire

James J. Reid

Franz Steiner Verlag


Comparative investigation of 19th-century wars, combined with a knowledge of Ottoman, Balkan, and Middle Eastern historical developments can afford some understanding of the wars that transpired in the Ottoman Empire from 1853 to 1878. Certain fields lend themselves to comparative study, and one such field is military history. Generals and military establishments have dwelt in a constant need to learn about the progress of other armies, especially their enemies. When an army has failed to keep abreast of developments, the results are not only obvious, but devastating for the laggard. In the 19th century, the Ottoman army had begun to make efforts at change, but ambitions exceeded results. Change occurred, but not the sort that the reformers had planned. Most Ottomanists and Turcologists seek to portray “reform” as a unilateral proposition undertaken by the Ottoman elite with a definable purpose, and a sense of discipline. Even if the reformers failed, their vision for the future prevailed in new emanations during future reform efforts. Comparative studies enable a more realistic picture to emerge.

Comparative investigation has particular benefits for the Ottoman army in the 19th century in that British, Hungarian, Polish, French, German, Austrian, and even Austrian Croatian officers held rank in the Ottoman


Table des Matières


Table of Contents


Illustrations / 11

Chapter 1: Introduction / 21
I. Introduction / 21
II. Forms of Internal Conflict / 21
HI. Content of the Book / 25
IV. State of the Field / 26
A. Crimean War / 26
B. Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878 / 39
V. Social and Psychological Aspects of Ottoman Collapse and the Era of Wars / 47
A. Methodology / 47
B. Social and Psychological Perspectives / 51
VI. Why War? / 56

Chapter 2: Regular Army and Control of Empire / 58
I. Introduction / 58
n. Army and Control of Empire / 59
A. The Nizam [Regular Army]. Myth and Reality / 59
1. The Myth of Army Control over Ottoman Subjects / 59
2. The Reality of Ottoman Efforts to Control Subjects / 60
B. Military D Strategy, Tactics, and Communications / 61
C. Provincial Military Garrisons / 65
1. The Balkans / 65
2. Anatolia / 70
3. The Arabic Provinces / 75
III. Dynamics of Military Operations / 75
A. Tanzimat Military Reforms on European Models / 76
1. Chain of Command / 76
2. Army Organization and Regimental Systems / 77
3. Creating an Army Capable of the Offensive Operation / 83
IV. Corruption: The Chief Obstacle to Military Operations / 86
A. Corruption: Issues and Examples / 86
B. Structured Analysis of Corruption by Type / 91
1. Corruption Originating in Institutional Problems / 91
2. Dishonesty of Officers and Officials / 96

Chapter 3: Irregular Soldiers and Civil Disorder /105
I. Introduction. Definitions /105
II. Origins /105
III. Mercenaries and Militarized Societies in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire and Greece /114
A. Introduction: Structure, Genesis, and Function /114
1. Reasons for the Existence of Irregular Troops in the 19th Century / 115
2. Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Definitions of Irregulars / 115
3. Greek Definitions / 121
B. Composite Bands, or Bands of Mixed Origin / 123
1. The Composite Band: Dynamics of Unit Morale and Operation / 123
2. The Composite Band and the Marginal Man / 127
3. A Composite Force in the Crimean War: General Yfisuf s Irregular Cavalry / 127
C. Bands of Common Cultural or Tribal Origin / 131
1. Albanians [Arnavflts / 133
2. Circassians or Cherkes / 137
3. Kurds / 154
III. The Band as an Enterprise / 161
IV. Functions of Irregular Cavalry / 163
A. General / 163
B. Scouting, Picket, and Guard Duty in No Man’s Land / 164
C. Courier and Escort Service / 164
D. Skirmshing Activities / 165
E. Cavalry Screen for Marching Army, or, an Advance Guard / 166
F. The Raid / 167
G. Provincial Garrison Troops / 171
V. Military Customs and Unit Order of Irregular Bands and Soldiers / 172
A. Military Customs / 172
1. Administrative Customs / 172
2. Habits on Campaign / 172
VI. Conclusion / 174

Chapter 4: Rebellions and Revolutions in the Ottoman Empire, 1835-1878 / 175
I. Ottoman Society and Social Attitudes / 175
A. Introduction. Ottoman Race Theory / 175
1. Perso-Islamic and Ottoman Perceptions of Social Order: Race Theory / 175
2. Ottoman Philosophy of Tyranny and Conservative Political Philosophy / 176
B. Traditional and Historical Ideas of Race in the 19th Century / 182
C. Xenophobia and Paranoia / 185
D. Assimilationism and Anxiety / 187
E. Orientations / 189
II. Rebellion and Revolution in the Ottoman Empire / 189
A. Introduction / 189
B. Semi-autonomous Military and Local Authorities not in Revolt but Resistant to State Authority and control / 190
1. Uncontrollable “Loyal” Chieftains / 190
2. The Government’s “Ability” to Control Irregulars / 193
3. Vendetta, Blood Feud, Vigilantism and Terrorism / 198
III. Insurrections / 204
A. General / 204
B. Case Studies / 205
1. Armenian Conflicts - 1848 / 205
2. Afshar Revolt. 1852 / 209
3. Cretan Insurrection. 1866-1869 / 212
4. Kurdish Revolts. Millingen - 1860s / 225
5. Montenegro - 1876-1877 / 229
IV. Conclusion / 232
A. Movements and Rebellions / 232
B. Suppression of Revolts / 234

Chapter 5: Ottoman Crimean War, 1853-1856 / 236
I. Introduction / 236
II. The Danube Campaign. 1853-1854 / 242
III. Greek Insurrection, Siege of Silistra, and the Dobruja Expedition. 1854 / 248
A. Greek Insurrection / 248
B. The Siege of Silistra. May to June, 1854 / 254
C. The Dobruja Expedition. July, 1854 / 262
1. Battle at Giurgevo. July 7, 1854 / 262
2. Dobruja Expedition / 262
D. The Crimea and Beatson’s Bash'i-Bozuks. 1854-1856 / 268
1. The Crimea / 268
2. Beatson’s Bash'i-Bozuks / 269
IV. Anatolia. 1854-1855 / 278
A. Ottoman Failures and European Soldiers-of-Fortune. 1853-1854 / 278
B. The British Military Commission and the Siege of Kars. 1854-1855 / 281
V. The Transcaucasian Campaign. 1855 / 294
VI. Rebellions and Early Terrorism / 297
A. Revolt in Armenia. 1854-1855 / 297
B. Revolt of Yazdan Shir Bukhti, 1855 / 298
C. 1859 - Kiileli Vak'asi [Incident] [Ottoman Empire / 303
VII. Conclusion / 306

Chapter 6: Balkan Revolutions and Russo-Turkish War, 1875-1878 / 307
I. Ottoman Military Reform and the Ottoman Army: to 1877 / 307
A. Balkan Revolts: 1875-1876 / 308
B. Cherkes Hasan Incident. 1876 / 311
II. Course of the War: 1877-1878 / 315
A. The Danube Campaign / 317
B. The Anatolian and Caucasian Campaigns / 342
C. Refugees. Social and Psychological Issues / 352
1. Ottoman Refugees: the Bulgarian Theater / 352
2. Derangement / 355
3. Alienation / 355
4. The Refugee Problem / 356
III. Court-Martial of Suleyman Husnu Pasha: War Strategy and Tactics on Trial / 357
IV. cAli Sûavi Vakcas'i / 367
A. Background / 367
B. Chiraghan Palace Incident - 17 Cemaziyel-evvel, 1295/20 May, 1878 368 C. Psychological Ramifications. Paranoia / 372
V. cAbdiilhSmid II / 376
A. Hamidian Autocracy / 376
B. Denial /  379
VI. Conclusion / 385

Chapter 7: Psychological Factors: Soldiers in an Era of Warfare / 386
I. Destructiveness of War / 386
A. The Psychology of Violence in War and “Peace” / 386
1. Psychological Conditions / 386
2. Aggression / 386
B. General Studies. War Stress and Associated Syndromes / 402
1. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder / 402
2. Life-Death Continuum / 404
C. The Crimean War / 406
1. War and Death in 19th-Century Armies / 406
2. War Stress and Crimean War Soldiers / 407
D. American Civil War, 1861-1865 / 415
1. Life-Death Continuum / 415
2. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and the Life-Death Continuum / 417
3. Sadism and PTSD / 420
E. Franco-Prussian War. 1870-1871 / 424
II. Psychological Factors in the Ottoman War Experience: 1839-1878 / 427
A. Ottoman Common Soldiers: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder / 427
1. General Comments / 427
2. Soldier’s Attitudes / 429
3. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder / 431
B. Aggression and Sadistic Attitudes indicated by Atrocities / 438
1. An Institutional Practice Encouraging Sadistic Behaviour in Soldiers: Impalement as a Punishment for Rebels / 440
2. Rape, A Non-Institutional Aftereffect of Conquest / 442
3. Looting and Atrocities / 445
4. Aggression and Sadism as a Consequence of War Experience / 447

III. Conclusion / 456
Conclusion / 458

Appendix I: Society, Social Change, and Rebellion / 460
Appendix II: Psychological Profiles of Generals in the Ottoman Army / 466

Bibliography and Abbreviations / 492

Index / 502




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