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The Conflict of Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan


Auteur :
Éditeur : Croom Helm Date & Lieu : 1983, London & Canberra
Préface : Pages : 464
Traduction : ISBN : 0-7099-2440-2
Langue : AnglaisFormat : 135x210mm
Code FIKP : Liv. Eng. Tap. Con. N° 1556Thème : Général

Présentation
Table des Matières Introduction Identité PDF
The Conflict of Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan

The Conflict of Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan

Richard Tapper

Croom Helm

In 1978 and 1979, revolutions in Afghanistan and Iran marked a shift in the balance of power in South West Asia and the world. Shaken by events in Iran and the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, the world has once more been made aware that tribalism is no anachronism in a struggle for political and cultural self-determination.
In Afghanistan the Soviet army is encountering tough opposition from tribesmen, whilst in Iran the onset of the revolution gave the tribes, many of which are separate minority nations, an opportunity to move towards independence. Indeed, Iran is still threatened by the possibility that it may break up into smaller national units. Much new research in this book provides historical and anthropological perspectives necessary to the eventual understanding of the events surrounding the revolutions.


Richard Tapper is a Lecturer in the Department of Anthropology and Sociology at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.


Table des Matières


Contents

List of Maps
List of Abbreviations used in Notes
Preface
A Note on Transliteration and Usage
The Contributors

1. Introduction by Richard Tapper / 1
The Scope of the Volume / 1
Iran and Afghanistan from 1700 to 1800 / 12
The Population of Afghanistan and Iran around 180 0 / 16
Iran from 1800 to 1980 / 21
Afghanistan from 1800 to 19 80 / 31
The 'Tribal Problem1 and the 'Problem of Tribe' / 42
Notes / 75

2. State, Tribe and Empire in Afghan Inter-Polity Relations by Rob Hager 83
A Model of State, Tribe and Empire as Types of Legal Order / 83
Tribal and Imperial Orders in Afghanistan / 93
Systems of Inter-Polity Relations / 97
Multiple Polities and Structural Change in Afghanistan / 100
Notes / 114

3. Khan and Khel: Dialectics of Pakhtun Tribalism by Jon W. Anderson / 119
Introduction / 119
The Problem of Pakhtun Tribalism / 119
The Terms of Pakhtun Tribalism in Ghilzai Country / 123
Dialectics of Khel / 128
Khan as Patron: the Dual Logic of Leadership / 133
'Tying the Knot of the Tribe' / 138
From Ground to Figure: Qoum into Gund, Atrap into Shahr / 142
Conclusion / 144
Notes / 148

4. Tribes And States In The Khyber, 1838-42 by Malcolm Yapp / 150
Introduction / 150
British Images of 'Tribe' / 154
The Khyber between Afghan and Sikh States / 156
The British in Kabul: Mackeson Appointed to the Khyber / 158
Mackeson's Policies for Controlling the Tribes / 164
Orakzai and Afridi / 16 8
The Shinwari / 173
The British Lose Control of the Khyber / 179
Conclusion / 182
Notes / 187

5. Tribes and States in Waziristan by Akbar S. Ahmed / 192
Introduction: Buffer Zones and the Great Game / 192
Culture and Society in the Tribal Areas / 195
Waziristan and the Wazir Tribes / 200
The Wazir Tribes between Afghanistan and British India / 203
Conclusion / 207
Notes / 209

6. Political Organisation of Pashtun Nomads and the State by Bernt Glatzer / 212
Afghan Nomads and Tribes / 212
Nomads of Western Afghanistan / 215
The Role of Kinship and Descent / 219
Political Organisation and Leadership / 222
Nomads and the State / 226
Notes / 230

7. Abd Al-Rahman's North-West Frontier:
The Pashtun Colonisation of Afghan Turkistan by Nancy Tapper / 233
Amir Abd al-Rahman's North-West Frontier / 233
The First Attempt to Colonise the North-West Frontier / 235
Abd al-Rahman's 'Waste-lands' Policy / 238
The Second Attempt / 240
The Establishment of the Nomads in the North-West / 247
The Hazara Revolt and Consequences of its Suppression / 252
Early Leaders of the North-Western Nomads / 254
Conclusion / 256
Notes / 25 8

8. Why Tribes Have Chiefs: A Case from Baluchistan by Philip Carl Salzman / 262
Heuristics / 262
The Yarahmadzai Political Structure, 1850-1935 / 266
Explaining the Yarahmadzai Chiefship / 274
Conclusion / 2 81
Notes / 2 83

9. Iran and the Qashqai Tribal Confederacy by Lois Beck / 284
Introduction / 284
Background / 287
The Ruling Family / 289
The Setting / 291
Pressures from Outside / 296
Internal Tribal Dynamics / 305
Notes / 310

10. Tribes, Confederation and the State:
An Historical Overview of the Bakhtiari and Iran by Gene Garthwaite / 314
Introduction / 314
'Tribe ' / 316
'Confederation' / 317
'State' / 321
Historical Survey / 321
Notes / 32 8
Contents

11. On the Bakhtiari:
Comments on 'Tribes, Confederation and the State' by Jean-Pierre Digard / 331
Notes / 336

12. The Enemy Within:
Limitations on Leadership in the Bakhtiari by David Brooks / 337
Nomads, Tribes and the State / 337
Modern Variation on a Traditional Theme / 340
Nomadic Responses to State Policies / 342
Structural Resilience / 344
The Bakhtiari and the State / 345
European Powers and the Bakhtiari / 355
The Internal Enemy / 35 8
Conclusion / 361
Notes / 362

13. Kurdish Tribes and the State of Iran:
The Case of Simko's Revolt by Martin van Bruinessen / 364
Introduction / 364
Kurdish Tribes between Powerful States / 365
Emirate, Confederacy, Tribe / 367
Kurdish Tribes and the Ottoman State / 370
Tribes and Non-Tribal Population / 376
Pan-Islamism and Kurdish Nationalism / 378
Simko and the Shakak Confederacy / 3 79
Simko's Rebellion against the Central
Government / 386
The Organisation of Simko's Forces 1 / 390
Postscript / 393
Notes / 396

14. Nomads and Commissars in the Mughan Steppe:
The Shahsevan Tribes in the Great Game by Richard Tapper / 401
Introduction / 401
The Russian Annexation of Mughan / 402
Azarbayjan and the Shahsevan in the Mid-
Nineteenth Century / 405
Troubles Begin / 410
An Attempt at Settlement / 413
The Russians Increase the Pressure / 419
The Closure of the Frontier / 42 3
The. Aftermath of the Closure / 426
Notes / 4 32

15. The Tribal Society and Its Enemies by Ernest Gellner / 436
Notes / 447

16. Tribe and State: Some Concluding Remarks by Andrew Strathern / 449
Index



List of Maps

1. Sketch-map of Iran and Afghanistan, to show places mentioned in chapter 1,
with approximate tribal locations in the nineteenth century / 1-2
2. Sketch-map of Ghilzai country and Waziristan,
to show places mentioned in chapters 3, 4 and 5 / 120
3. Sketch-map of the Khyber and surrounding districts,
to show places mentioned in chapter 4 / 152
4. Sketch-map of western parts of Afghanistan,
to show places mentioned in chapters 6 and 7 / 214

5. Sketch-map of Iranian Baluchistan,
to show places mentioned in chapter 8 / 265
6. Sketch-map of Qashqai and Bakhtiari country,
to show places mentioned in chapters 9, 10,
11 and 12 / 286
7. Sketch-map of Kurdistan and north-western
Iran to show places mentioned.in chapters 13 and 14 / 366




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