Contents
List of Maps List of Abbreviations used in Notes Preface A Note on Transliteration and Usage The Contributors
1. Introduction by Richard Tapper / 1 The Scope of the Volume / 1 Iran and Afghanistan from 1700 to 1800 / 12 The Population of Afghanistan and Iran around 180 0 / 16 Iran from 1800 to 1980 / 21 Afghanistan from 1800 to 19 80 / 31 The 'Tribal Problem1 and the 'Problem of Tribe' / 42 Notes / 75
2. State, Tribe and Empire in Afghan Inter-Polity Relations by Rob Hager 83 A Model of State, Tribe and Empire as Types of Legal Order / 83 Tribal and Imperial Orders in Afghanistan / 93 Systems of Inter-Polity Relations / 97 Multiple Polities and Structural Change in Afghanistan / 100 Notes / 114
3. Khan and Khel: Dialectics of Pakhtun Tribalism by Jon W. Anderson / 119 Introduction / 119 The Problem of Pakhtun Tribalism / 119 The Terms of Pakhtun Tribalism in Ghilzai Country / 123 Dialectics of Khel / 128 Khan as Patron: the Dual Logic of Leadership / 133 'Tying the Knot of the Tribe' / 138 From Ground to Figure: Qoum into Gund, Atrap into Shahr / 142 Conclusion / 144 Notes / 148
4. Tribes And States In The Khyber, 1838-42 by Malcolm Yapp / 150 Introduction / 150 British Images of 'Tribe' / 154 The Khyber between Afghan and Sikh States / 156 The British in Kabul: Mackeson Appointed to the Khyber / 158 Mackeson's Policies for Controlling the Tribes / 164 Orakzai and Afridi / 16 8 The Shinwari / 173 The British Lose Control of the Khyber / 179 Conclusion / 182 Notes / 187
5. Tribes and States in Waziristan by Akbar S. Ahmed / 192 Introduction: Buffer Zones and the Great Game / 192 Culture and Society in the Tribal Areas / 195 Waziristan and the Wazir Tribes / 200 The Wazir Tribes between Afghanistan and British India / 203 Conclusion / 207 Notes / 209
6. Political Organisation of Pashtun Nomads and the State by Bernt Glatzer / 212 Afghan Nomads and Tribes / 212 Nomads of Western Afghanistan / 215 The Role of Kinship and Descent / 219 Political Organisation and Leadership / 222 Nomads and the State / 226 Notes / 230
7. Abd Al-Rahman's North-West Frontier: The Pashtun Colonisation of Afghan Turkistan by Nancy Tapper / 233 Amir Abd al-Rahman's North-West Frontier / 233 The First Attempt to Colonise the North-West Frontier / 235 Abd al-Rahman's 'Waste-lands' Policy / 238 The Second Attempt / 240 The Establishment of the Nomads in the North-West / 247 The Hazara Revolt and Consequences of its Suppression / 252 Early Leaders of the North-Western Nomads / 254 Conclusion / 256 Notes / 25 8
8. Why Tribes Have Chiefs: A Case from Baluchistan by Philip Carl Salzman / 262 Heuristics / 262 The Yarahmadzai Political Structure, 1850-1935 / 266 Explaining the Yarahmadzai Chiefship / 274 Conclusion / 2 81 Notes / 2 83
9. Iran and the Qashqai Tribal Confederacy by Lois Beck / 284 Introduction / 284 Background / 287 The Ruling Family / 289 The Setting / 291 Pressures from Outside / 296 Internal Tribal Dynamics / 305 Notes / 310
10. Tribes, Confederation and the State: An Historical Overview of the Bakhtiari and Iran by Gene Garthwaite / 314 Introduction / 314 'Tribe ' / 316 'Confederation' / 317 'State' / 321 Historical Survey / 321 Notes / 32 8 Contents
11. On the Bakhtiari: Comments on 'Tribes, Confederation and the State' by Jean-Pierre Digard / 331 Notes / 336
12. The Enemy Within: Limitations on Leadership in the Bakhtiari by David Brooks / 337 Nomads, Tribes and the State / 337 Modern Variation on a Traditional Theme / 340 Nomadic Responses to State Policies / 342 Structural Resilience / 344 The Bakhtiari and the State / 345 European Powers and the Bakhtiari / 355 The Internal Enemy / 35 8 Conclusion / 361 Notes / 362
13. Kurdish Tribes and the State of Iran: The Case of Simko's Revolt by Martin van Bruinessen / 364 Introduction / 364 Kurdish Tribes between Powerful States / 365 Emirate, Confederacy, Tribe / 367 Kurdish Tribes and the Ottoman State / 370 Tribes and Non-Tribal Population / 376 Pan-Islamism and Kurdish Nationalism / 378 Simko and the Shakak Confederacy / 3 79 Simko's Rebellion against the Central Government / 386 The Organisation of Simko's Forces 1 / 390 Postscript / 393 Notes / 396
14. Nomads and Commissars in the Mughan Steppe: The Shahsevan Tribes in the Great Game by Richard Tapper / 401 Introduction / 401 The Russian Annexation of Mughan / 402 Azarbayjan and the Shahsevan in the Mid- Nineteenth Century / 405 Troubles Begin / 410 An Attempt at Settlement / 413 The Russians Increase the Pressure / 419 The Closure of the Frontier / 42 3 The. Aftermath of the Closure / 426 Notes / 4 32
15. The Tribal Society and Its Enemies by Ernest Gellner / 436 Notes / 447
16. Tribe and State: Some Concluding Remarks by Andrew Strathern / 449 Index
List of Maps
1. Sketch-map of Iran and Afghanistan, to show places mentioned in chapter 1, with approximate tribal locations in the nineteenth century / 1-2 2. Sketch-map of Ghilzai country and Waziristan, to show places mentioned in chapters 3, 4 and 5 / 120 3. Sketch-map of the Khyber and surrounding districts, to show places mentioned in chapter 4 / 152 4. Sketch-map of western parts of Afghanistan, to show places mentioned in chapters 6 and 7 / 214
5. Sketch-map of Iranian Baluchistan, to show places mentioned in chapter 8 / 265 6. Sketch-map of Qashqai and Bakhtiari country, to show places mentioned in chapters 9, 10, 11 and 12 / 286 7. Sketch-map of Kurdistan and north-western Iran to show places mentioned.in chapters 13 and 14 / 366 |