Contents
Acknowledgements / Vii
Preface / Xiii
Introduction
1 The Turks and their Islamization before the Seljukids / 1
2 Aspects of the Muslim East in the Eleventh Century / 13
Part One
The Empire Of The Great Seljukids
1 The Rise of the Seljukid Empire / 19
2 The Seljukid Empire and the Turks / 32
3 Art and Letters in the Seljukid Period / 50
Part Two
Turkey in Asia Minor
from the end of the eleventh century until 1243
1 The Sources / 55
2 Geography of Asia Minor / 61
3 Asia Minor on the Eve of the Arrival of the Turks / 64
4 The First Incursions before 1071 / 66
5 From Manzikert to the First Crusade (1071-97) / 72
6 Asia Minor after the First Crusade (1097-1110) / 84
7 Rise of the Dânishmendids and the Byzantine Recovery (mo-41) / 91
8 Disruption of the Dânishmendid Kingdom; the Seljukids between Byzantium and Nur Al-Din; the Results of Myriokephalon (1141-86) / 96
9 Eastern Asia Minor in the Twelfth Century / 106
10 The Crisis in Expansion (1186-1205) / no
11 The Apogee of the Seljukid State (1205-43) / 119
Part Three
Society and Institutions in Turkey Before the Mongols
1 The Birth of Turkey / 143
2 Economic Life / 155
3 The System of Land Tenure and Taxation / 173
4 The Towns / 189
5 The Non-Muslims / 202
6 Political Institutions / 216
Government: Army
7 Provincial Administration / 234
8 Cultural and Religious Life / 248
9 Muslim Art in Asia Minor before the Mongols / 261
Part Four
The Mongol Period
1 The Establishment of the Mongol Protectorate (1243-61) / 269
2 The Government of Mu'ïn al-Dïn the pervâne and the Crisis of 1276-8 / 280
3 The Government of the Mongols / 293
4 The Formation of the Turcoman Principalities / 303
5 Ethnic Evolution / 314
6 Economic Evolution / 317
7 The Non-Muslims / 326
8 The Evolution of the System of Land-Tenure and
Taxation / 328
9 The Evolution of the Towns / 335
10 Institutions / 341
11 Intellectual and Artistic Life of Asia Minor in the time of the Mongols / 347
12 The last century of Independence of Asia Minor / 360
13 Conclusion / 367
Illustrations
List of plates and figures, with sources / 373
Bibliography / 427
Index / 451
Maps
1 The Seljukid Empire at the end of the Eleventh Century / 18
II Anatolia in the Twelfth Century / 139
III Anatolia on the eve of the Mongol conquest / 268
IV Anatolia towards the middle of the Fourteenth Century / 371
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