Contents
Part I
General Introduction / i
Decline and Revival of the Middle Eastern Economy / 3
Part II
Ottoman Empire / 15
Introduction / 17
1 The Political and Social Background in the Eighteenth Century / 23
(A. H. Hourani, “the Fertile Crescent in the Eighteenth Century”)
2 Ottoman Trade with Europe, 1784 / 30
(“Etat du commerce du Levant en 1784,
d’aprbs les registres de la chambre de commerce de Marseille”)
3 Anglo-Turkish Commercial Convention of 1838 / 38
(Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers, 1839)
4 Decline of Ottoman Industry in the l840’s / 41
(M. A. Ubicini, Letters on Turkey)
5 Ottoman Industrial Policy, 1840-I914 / 46
(Omer Celal Sarç; “Tanzimat ve Sanayimiz”)
6 the Expansion of tobacco Growing in the Nineteenth Century / 60
(Ziraat Tarihine bin Bakis)
7 The Development of Agriculture in Anatolia / 65
(A. D. Novichev, Ocherki ekonotniki Turtsii)
8 Land Tenure Problems in the Fertile Crescent in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries / 71
(Doreen Warriner, “Land Tenure in the Fertile Crescent”)
9 Land Tenure in Egypt and the Fertile Crescent, 1800-I950 / 79
(Gabriel Baer, “the Evolution of Private Landownership in Egypt and the Fertile Crescent”)
10 Railway Projects in Turkey, 1872-1900 / 91
(W. von Pressel, Les chemins de fer de Turquie)
11 The Ottoman Debt, 1850-I939 / 94
(Rafii-^ukru Suvla, “Tanzimat Devrinde Istikrazlar”)
12 the Burden of Taxation on the Peasants / 107
(Rejat Aktan, “Agricultural Policy of Turkey”)
13 Ethnic Division of Labor / 114
(A. J. Sussnitzki, “Zur Gliederung wirtschaftslicher Arbeit nach Nationalitaten in der Tiirkei”)
Part III
Iraq / 127
Introduction / 129
1 Trade in 1800 / 135
(J.-B. Rousseau, Description du Pachalik de Baghdad)
2 Projected Railway to the Mediterranean, 1850’s / 137
(Count Edward de Warren, European Interests in Railways in the Valley of the Euphrates)
3 Steam Navigation on the Tigris and Euphrates, l86l-I932 / 146
(“The Story of the Euphrates Company”)
4 Population Movements, I867-I947 / 154
(M. S. Hasan, “Growth and Structure of Iraq’s Population, 1867-1947”)
5 Land Tenure in the Nineteenth Century / 163
(Saleh Haider, “Land Problems of Iraq”)
6 Production, Transport, and Foreign Trade in the I900’s / 179
(Adriano Lanzoni, “La Mesopotamia economica”)
7 Taxation in the I9Oo’s / 186
(Sa‘id Himadeh, Al-nizam al-iqtisadi fi al-Iraq)
8 Irrigation Projects in the 1900’s / 191
(Sir W. Willcocks, “Mesopotamia: Past, Present, and Future”)
9 The Struggle for Oil in Iraq / 198
(Karl Hoffmann, Oelpolitik und angelsdchsischer Imperialismus)
Part IV
Syria / 203
Introduction / 205
1 Agriculture and Trade in the 1780’s / 213
(C. F. Volney, Travels through Syria and Egypt)
2 Handicrafts and Trade in the 1830’s / 220
(John MacGregor, Commercial Statistics)
3 From Subsistence to Market Economy, 1850’s / 226
(I. M. Smilianskaya, “Razlozhenie feodalnikh otnoshenii v Sirii i Livane v seredine XIXv.”)
4 Railways, 1888-1914 / 248
(M. Hecker, “Die Eisenbahnen in der asiatischen Tiirkei”)
5 the Frontier of Settlement, 1800-1950 / 258
(Norman N. Lewis, “the Frontier of Settlement in Syria, 1800-1950”)
6 Migration from and to Syria, I86O-I9I4 / 269
(A. Ruppin, Syrien als Wirtschaftsgebiet)
7 Syria in the 1900’s / 274
(E. Weakley, “Report on the Conditions and Prospects of British Trade in Syria”)
Part V
Arabia / 291
Introduction / 293
1 Trade of Southwestern Arabia in the Eighteenth Century / 305
(Carsten Niebuhr, Description de I’Arabie)
2 Economic Conditions in Muscat and Oman, 1904 / 308
(“Report on the Conditions and Prospects of British Trade in Oman
Bahrain and Arab Ports in the Persian Gulf,” 1905)
3 Pearling in the Persian Gulf / 312
(George Rentz, “Pearling in the Persian Gulf”)
4 the Trade of the Hijaz At the Turn of the Century / 317
(“Diplomatic and Consular Reports on Trade and Finance, Turkey”,
1898, and “Jcddah,” 1912-13)
5 Yemen, Aden, Bahrein in the 1900’s / 323
(I Handbook of Arabia)
6 Population in South Arabia in the 1900’s / 332
(Adolf Grohmann, Sudarabien als Wirtschaftsgebeit)
7 The Yemeni Jews in the Twentieth Century / 335
(Joseph Kafih, Halikliot Temati)
8 Railway Project in Yemen, I909-I912 / 339
(A. Beneyton, “Mission d’etudes au Yemen”)
9 The Nomad Economy / 342
(A. I. Pcrshits, “Khozyaistvcnny byt kochcvnikov saudovskoi Aravii”)
10 International Economic Rivalries in the Persian Gulf, I896-I914 / 350
(Eugene Staley, “Business and Politics in the Persian Gulf”)
Part VI
Egypt / 357
1 The Economic Development of Egypt, 1800-1960 / 359
(Charles Issawi, “Egypt since 1800: a Study in Lopsided Development”)
2 Agricultural and Industrial Techniques in 1800 / 375
(P. S. Girard, “Memoire stir l’agriculture, l’industrie, et le commerce de l’Egyptc”)
3 the Revolution in Land Tenure, 1801-1815 / 380
(‘Abd al-Rahinan al-Jabarti, ‘Ajaib al-athar fi al-tarajim u>a al-akhbar)
4 Agriculture Under Muhammad Ali / 384
(John Bowring, “Report on Egypt and Candia”)
5 the Commercial, Financial, and Industrial Policy of Muhammad Ali / 389
(Ali al—Giritli, Tarikli al-sina‘a fi Misr)
6 Public Revenue and Expenditure, 1790-1842 / 403
(Amin Sami pasha, Taqwim al-Nil)
7 the Development of Transport, 1800-1870 / 406
(Ahmad Ahmad al-Hitta, Tarikh Misr al-iqtisadi)
8 Egyptian Cotton and the American Civil War, 1860-1866 / 416
(E. R. J. Owen, “Cotton Production and the Development of the
Cotton Economy in Nineteenth-Century Egypt”)
9 Progress and Indebtedness Under Ismail, 1863-1875 / 430
(“Report by Mr. Cave on the Financial Conditions of Egypt”)
10 Public Finance Under the British Administration, 1882-1901 / 439
(“Report by H. M. Agent and Consul-General,” 1902)
11 the Movement of Cotton Prices, 1820-1899 / 446
(Mahmoud el Darwish, “Note on the Movement of Prices of Egyptian Cotton, 1820-1899”)
12 the Trend in Prices, 1800-1907 / 449
(Yacoub Artin Pacha, Essai sur les causes du rencherissement de la vie materielle au
Caire au courant du XIXe siicle)
13 Beginnings of Industrialization, 1916 / 452
(Rapport de la Commission du Commerce et de I'lndustrie)
Part VII
Sudan / 461
Introduction / 463
1 Foreign Trade: the Darfur Caravan, 1800 / 473
(P. S. Girard, “Memoire sur l’agriculture, l’industrie et le commerce de l’Egypte”)
2 The Sudan Under Egyptian Rule, 1821-1881 / 477
(M. Sabry, Le Soudan egyptien, 1821-1898)
3 Taxes, Trade, and Railway Projects on the Eve of Mahdist Revolt, 1882 / 480
(J. D. H. Stewart, “Report on the Soudan")
4 Economic Causes of the Mahdist Revolt / 485
(Na‘um Shuqair, Tarikh al-Sudan)
5 Economic Conditions Under Mahdism / 488
(General Report on the Egyptian Soudan, March 1895)
6 The Fiscal Administration of the Mahdist State, 1881-1898 / 491
(Makki Shibeika, Al-Sudan fi Qarn, 1819-1919)
7 Railway Projects, 1899 / 493
(“Report by H. M. Agent and Consul General,” 1899)
8 Land Policy, 1906 / 497
(“Report by H. M. Agent and Consul General,” 1907)
9 Preparations for the Gezira Scheme, 1904-1925 / 500
(Muhammad Mahmud al-Sayyad, Iqtisadiat al-Sudan)
Part VIII
Epilogue, 1961 / 503
Shifts in Economic Power / 505
(Charles Issawi, “Shifts in Economic Power, 1914-61”)
Reference Material / 515
Appendixes
I Weights and Mebasures / 517
II Currencies / 520
III Glossary / 525
Selected Bibliography / 527
Index of Place Names / 539
Subject Index / 542
|
