Contents
List of Contents / 7
List of Photographs and Maps / 11
Acknowledgements / 13
Notes on Transcription, Listings, Abbreviations, and the Map / 14
A. Introduction 1. Aim / 17 2. Ethnicity in the Turkish Context / 19 a. The Ernie View / 20 b. The Etic View / 27 c. Balance / 31 3. Assimilation / 38 4. Unity / 41 5. The Map / 42 6. The Handbook / 49
B. Catalogue of Ethnic Groups (with the same numeration as the map) Explanation and key to abbreviations / 53 1. Turks: Sunni / 54 2. Turks: Alevi: general / 56 3. Turks: Sunni: Yörük / 58 4. Turks: Alevi: Yörük / 62 5. Türkmen: Sunni / 63 6a-f. Türkmen: Alevi / 65 6g. Tahtaci: Alevi / 68 6h. Abdal: Alevi / 71 7. Azerbaijani Turks: Shii / 73 8. Azerbaijani Turks: Karapapah / 74 9. Uygurs / 77 10. Kirgiz / 78 11. Kazaks / 81 12. Özbeks / 83 13. Özbek Tatars / 84 14. Crimean Tatars / 86 15. Nogay Tatars / 87 16 a. Balkar and Karachay / 89 16 b. Kumuk (no. 19 on maps) / 91 17. Muslim immigrants from Bulgaria / 92 18. Muslim immigrants from other Balkan countries / 98 19. Muslim immigrants from Daghistan / 105 20. Sudanese / 107 21. Estonians / 109 22. Kurds: Sunni / 110 23 Kurds: Alevi / 116 24. Kurds: Yezidi / 118 25. Zazas: Sunni / 121 26. Zazas: Alevi / 123 27. Ossetes / 125 28. Armenians / 127 29. Hemshinli / 130 30. Albanians / 132 31. Kuban Cossacks / 133 32. Russians: Molokan / 134 33. Poles / 136 34. Gypsies / 138 35. Greeks: Christian / 142 36. Greek-speaking Muslims / 145 37. Germans / 147 38. Arabs: Sunni / 148 39. Arabs: Nusairi (Alawi) / 151 40. Arabs: Christian / 154 41. Jews / 157 42. Arameans: Syrian Orthodox Christian (Jacobite) / 161 43. Arameans: East Syrian Christian (Chaldean) / 163 44. Circassians and related groups / 167 45. Chechen and Ingush / 172 46. Georgians / 173 47. Laz / 176
C. Surveys 1. a. Villages in Eastern Anatolia, by language and religion, exstracted from the Köy Envanteri, Ankara (ca. 1965) by L. Nestmann / 179 b. Villages in Erzincan Province, by language and religion 1965, after İ. Boynukalın (1975) / 199 c. Village population in Erzincan Province, by language and religion, 1965, after i. Boynukahn (1975) / 200 2. a. Caucasians living in villages, by province and ethnic group, after I.Aydemir (1973-5) / 201 b. Circassian Adighe living in villages, by province and tribe, after I. Aydemir (1973-5) / 203 3. Syrian Orthodox population in Mardin province, by village and town, after H. Ritter (1967) and H. Anschütz (1981 and 1984) / 205 Cretan Muslim settlements ( 1981) by E. Danielsen / 209 5- Tribal groups in Hakkâri (1984) by L.Yalcin / 212 6. Gypsies: apparent distribution by province / 221 7. Provisional list of Abdal villages in Turkey, collected by A.Tietze / 226 a. Villages listed by an Abdal informant (1983) / 226 b. Villages listed by Gtizelbey for Gaziantep (1972) / 229 c. Village names collected from written sources / 231 d. Village names collected from other informants by R. Benninghaus (1986) / 236
D. Ethnic Groups Listed by Villages and Administrative Districts 1. Introduction to Village Lists / 239 a. Aim / 239 b. Scope / 240 c. Contents / 241 d. Order / 241 e. Sources / 242 f. Administrative Divisions and Identification of Villages / 242 g. Coordinates / 243 h. The Circassian List / 243 i. Relationship of the Lists to the Map / 244 Key 1: Abbreviations for Ethnic Groups / 246 Key 2: Abbreviations for Circassian sub-groups / 247 Key 3: Abbreviations for Sources of Ethnic Lists / 248 2. Lists of selected groups (with the same numeration as the map) / 252 1 Turks: Sunni: see Catalogue 2 a Turks: Alevi: General / 252 2b Turks: Alevi: Amuca / 264 3 Turks: Sunni: Yörük: see Catalogue 4 Turks: Yörük: Alevi / 265 5 a Türkmen: Sunni: unspecified / 265 5 b Türkmen: Sunni: Avşar / 271 5 c Türkmen: Sunni: Bekdik / 274 5 d Türkmen: Sunni: Çepni / 274 5 e Türkmen: Sunni: Çônali, igbeyli, Kuzugüden, Çahramani / 276 5 f Türkmen: Sunni: Hotami§ / 277 6 a Türkmen: Alevi: unspecified / 277 6 b Türkmen: Alevi: Avsar / 281 6 c Türkmen: Alevi: Barak / 281 6 d Türkmen: Alevi: Çepni / 283 6 e Türkmen: Alevi: Nalci / 286 6 f Türkmen: Alevi: Siraç / 286 6 g Türkmen: Alevi: Tahtaci / 288 6 h Abdal: see Survey 7 7 a Azerbaijani Turks: Shii (Azeri) / 294 7 b Azerbaijani Turks: Karabag: Sunni / 298 8 a Azerbaijani Turks: Karapapah (Terekeme) / 299 8 b Azerbaijanis: Karaçadirh / 301 9-13 Turkistanis: Uygur, Kirgiz, Kazak, Özbek, Özbek-Tatar / 302 14-15 Tatars (Crimean, Nogay, Kazan) and Bashkir / 304 16 Balkar and Karachay / 309 17-18 Muslim immigrants from Balkan countries / 310 19 Muslim immigrants from Daghistan: Avar, Dargwa, Kumuk, Lak/Gazikumuk, Lezgi / 328 20 Sudanese / 331 21 Estonians / 331 22 Kurds: Sunni / 332 23 Kurds: Alevi / 342 24 Kurds Yezidi / 349 25 7ii£as; Sunpi / 352 26 Zazas: Alevi / 353 27 Ossetes / 354 28 a Armenians: Christian / 355 28b Muslims of Armenian origin / 357 29 a Hemshinli: Armenian-speaking / 358 29 b Hemshinli: Turkish-speaking / 359 30 Albanians / 361 31-33 Slavs: Kuban-Cossack, Molokan, Polish / 363 34 a Gypsies: unspecified / 364 34 b Gypsies: Po$a / 368 35 Greeks: Christian: see Catalogue 36 a Greek-speaking Muslims: Cretan, Cypriot, and others / 370 36 b Greek-speaking Muslims: Pontic / 373 37 Germans: see Catalogue 38 Arabs: Sunni / 374 39 Arabs: Nusairi / 379 40 Arabs: Christian / 383 41 Jews: see Catalogue 42 Arameans: Christian: West Syrian (Orthodox): see Survey 3 43 Arameans: Christian: East Syrian (Chaldean) / 384 44 Circassians and related groups, by B. Özbek / 385 45 Chechen (and Ingush) / 419 46 Georgians / 421 47 Laz / 429
E. Essays on Selected Groups by Contributing Authors P. A. Andrews, Abdal / 435 P. A. Andrews, The Molokans / 438 P. A. Andrews, Tatars: Nogay, Kinm, Ozbek Tatar / 442 H. Anschütz, Christliche Gruppen in der Türkei / 454 R. Benninghaus, Some notes on the Karaçadirli / 472 R. Benninghaus, Zur Herkunft und Identität der Hemjinli / 475 R. Benninghaus, The Laz: an example of multiple identification / 497 K. Bodrogi, Das Alevitum in der Türkei. Zur Genese und gegenwärtigen Lage einer Glaubensgemeinschaft / 503 P- J. Bumke. The Kurdish Alevis - boundaries and perceptions / 510 M. Epstein, The Jews in Turkey / 519 A. Gokalp, Alevisme nomade: des communautés de statut à l’identité communautaire / 524 U. Johansen, Die Esten in Anatolien / 538 D. N. MacKenzie, The role of the Kurdish language in ethnicity / 541 L. Nestmann, Die ethnische Differenzierung der Bevölkerung der Osttürkei in ihren sozialen Bezügen / 543 B. Özbek, Tscherkessen in der Türkei / 581 I.Svanberg, Turkistani refugees / 591 I.Svanberg, Marginal groups and itinerants / 602 M. M. van Bruinessen, The ethnic identity of the Kurds / 613 L. Yalçin, On kinship, tribalism and ethnicity in Eastern Turkey / 622
Conclusion / 632
F. Bibliography 1. Abbreviations / 633 2. Published Sources / 634 3. Unpublished Studies from Turkish Universities / 652
Addenda and Corrigenda / 658
G. Maps 1. Yörük pastures between Fethiye and Silifike and the Toros mountains. (After H. Saraçoglu 1968) 2. Administrative divisions in Turkey ca. 1962. (After an official map)
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