Contents
Foreword / ix Map of the area inhabited by Kurds / xi Introduction / 1
Part I: The Past 1 The Kurds / 7 'Kurds' and 'Kurdistan' / 7 Language / 8 Religion / 8 Population / 9 Topography of Kurdistan / 9
2 The Treaty of Sèvres and the Creation of Iraq / 10
3 The Kurds Under Barzani / 15
Revolts / 15 The emergence of a Kurdish leader / 15 Aftermath of the 1958 Revolution / 16 The Ba'ath regimes / 17 The March Manifesto of 1970 / 17 The 1974 Autonomy Law / 20 US and Iranian involvement in Kurdish-Iraqi relations: 1970-75 / 22 The Algiers Agreement of 1975 and its aftermath / 23
4 The Anfal Campaigns / 25 Spoils of war / 25 The logic of destruction / 25 The spring offensives of 1988 / 26 The attack on Halabja / 27 The attack on Sayw Senan / 28 The remaining Anfal campaigns / 28 Amnesty / 30 International responses to the Anfal campaigns / 31 5 The First Gulf War: From Uprising to Democracy / 34 Background / 34 The intifada (uprising) / 34 The Ba'athists respond / 36 Exodus from Iraqi Kurdistan / 36 Turkey, Iran and the Iraqi Kurds / 37 Resolution 688 / 37 'Operation Provide Comfort' / 39 'Operation Safe Haven' / 39 Negotiating autonomy with Saddam Hussein / 42
6 Democracy in Iraqi Kurdistan / 44 A rainbow alliance / 44 International ambivalence / 44 Autonomy from a Kurdish perspective / 45 Electoral procedure / 45 A new kind of political space? / 46 Relations between the PUK and KDP / 48
7 Human Rights in Iraqi Kurdistan / 51 Background / 51 Crimes of the Ba'ath regime / 52 Breaches of international law by the government of Iraq / 54 Humanitarian law / 55 Human rights structures and the Kurdish authorities / 57 Women's rights in Iraqi Kurdistan / 57
8 The Internally Displaced of Iraqi Kurdistan / 62 A displaced history / 62 Displacement since the establishment of the safe haven / 64
9 Economic/Humanitarian Affairs in Iraqi Kurdistan / 67 Background / 67 Oil in Iraq: A brief overview / 68 Oil in Iraqi Kurdistan: A brief overview / 69 Pipelines / 69 Sanctions / 70 Criticism of the Oil-for-Food Programme / 72 Embargo / 74 Currency / 75 Employment / 75 Non-governmental organisations / 75 10 The Kurds Have no Friends but the Mountains / 78 Turkey: A difficult neighbour / 78 Beyond Iraq: The Kurds of Turkey, Iran and Syria / 81 11 US Foreign Policy Towards Saddam: Pre-September 11 / 89
Part II: The Present
12 The Road to War / 93 `Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists' / 93 The Kurds' path to war / 103
13 The Second Gulf War: 'Operation Iraqi Freedom' / 109 `They were received with bombs, shoes and bullets' / 109 The Kurdish Jerusalem / 110 War over? / 113 The current security situation / 113 Security strategy / 115
14 Current Executive Structure in Iraq / 116 Saddam's Iraqi opposition / 116 Political reconstruction / 117
15 Current Legal and Human Rights Issues / 122 The Coalition Provisional Authority / 122 Humanitarian international law obligations / 122 International human rights law obligations / 124
16 The Question of Autonomy / 129
17 The Anfal Campaigns: The War Crimes Tribunal 130 An enduring legacy / 130 The Iraqi Special Tribunal / 131 The defendants / 132 The death penalty / 133 International judges / 133 The crimes / 134
18 The Internally Displaced: The Current Situation / 137 General situation / 137 The Takiyeh camp / 137 The Anfal camp at Suresh / 138 The UN-HABITAT camp at Bazian / 139 The problem of mines / 140 Reversing the 'Arabisation' programme / 140
19 Current Economic/Humanitarian Issues in Iraqi Kurdistan / 142 Sanctions and embargoes / 142 The Oil-for-Food Programme / 142 Currency / 143 Non-governmental organisations and international organisations / 144 Oil / 145
Part III: The Future
20 Self-Determination and Autonomy / 151 What is self-determination? / 151 The Kurdish daim to self-determination / 154 Autonomy / 157 A UN mandate? / 159 Economic issues / 161
21 The Tribunal and the Victims / 163 Introduction / 163 A UN tribunal / 163 A hybrid court / 164 The International Criminal Court / 165 A Truth and Reconciliation Commission / 165 The way forward / 166
22 The Land Question / 168 The Iraqi Property Reconciliation Facility / 168 The way forward / 169
Addendum / 172
Appendix I: Articles of the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres relating to Kurdistan / 173 Appendix II: The Kurdistan Regional Government Provisional Constitution for the Federal Republic of Iraq / 175 Appendix III: UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement / 190
Notes / 201
Index / 233 |