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Transcaucasias and Ararat


Auteur :
Éditeur : Macmillan Co Date & Lieu : 1896-01-01, New York
Préface : Pages : 528
Traduction : ISBN :
Langue : AnglaisFormat : 135x200 mm
Code FIKP : Lp. Ang. Pri. 286Thème : Mémoire

Présentation
Table des Matières Introduction Identité PDF
Transcaucasias and Ararat

Transcaucasias and Ararat

James Bryce

Macmillan Co


Chapter I

The Volga and the steppe of southern Russia

North-western Russia, although it is now pretty easy of access from Western Europe, and contains two such wonderfully striking cities as Moscow and St. Petersburg, is very little visited by travellers. South-eastern Russia is hardly visited at all. Nijni Novgorod, whose great fair draws some few sight¬seers as well as men of business from Germany and the farther west, seems to be the limit of the tourist, and beyond it, all the way to Tiflis or Constantinople, one does not see a single stranger travelling for pleasure, and discovers from the attentions which the western visitor receives, how rare such a visitor is. I need, therefore, make no apology for giving some short account of the Lower Volga, and the great steppe of Southern Russia, before getting to the Caucasus and Armenia, for all four is likely to be equally unfamiliar to English readers. As this does not apply to the gathering which has made Nijni famous, there is no occasion to describe it here, especially as a full account of the fair and its …


Table des Matières


Contents

Chapter I
The Volga and the steppe of southern Russia

Nijni Novgorod and its Fair / 2
The Volga steamers and the life on board / 5
Scenery of the Volga / 11
Navigation of the river: trade on it / 53
Kazan / 16
The Jigoulef Hills / 19
Saratof / 23
Resemblances between Russia and the United States / 24
Railway journey through the steppe to the Sea of Azof / 31
Character of the steppe: impressions of its scenery / 32
The Sea of Azof / 38
From Rostof to the foot of the Caucasus / 39

Chapter II
The Caucasus
Structure of the Caucasian chain / 43
Character of its scenery / 47
Its historical importance / 49
Peoples inhabiting the Caucasus / 51
Russian conquest of Daghestan and Circassia / 58
Present political condition of the mountain country / 60
The watering-places: Pjätigorsk / 63
Railway to Vladikavkaz / 69
Road over the main chain to Tiflis / 70
The dariel pass: the Caucasian gates / 75
Mount Kazbek / 79
Descent into Georgia: arrival at Tiflis / 86

Chapter III
Transcaucasia
General physical character of Transcaucasia: its moun tains and plains / 92
Climate and vegetation: scenery / 95
Natural productions / 98
Inhabitants: Mingrelians; Imeritians / 101
Georgians or Grusinians; Armenians / 103
Tatars: their brigandage / 109
Persians; Russians; Germans; the mountain tribes / 116
Russian government and administration / 120
Impressions of the country, social and historical / 127
Political future of Transcaucasia / 132
Supplementary note: changes in Transcaucasia since 1877 / 137

Chapter IV
Tiflis
Situation and aspect of the city / 142
Divisions of the city: the Russian quarter / 145
The Eastern town / 146
The German colony / 149
The inhabitants: mixture of races; aspect of the streets / 152
History of Tiflis / 158
Walks and excursions: the Sololaki Hill: Kajori. / 163

Chapter V
Through Armenia to Ararat
The steppe of the Kur valley / 171
Alarms of robbers: the Red Bridge / 174
Valley of the Akstafa: Delijan / 177
The Goktcha Lake: Daratchitchak / 181
Scenery of Armenia: Mount Ala Göz / 183
Erivan: aspects of Eastern life / 187
The Sardar's palace: the mosque / 191
Drive through the Araxes plain / 198
The Ford of the Araxes / 203
Aralykh at the foot of Ararat / 204
View of Ararat: ruins of Artaxata / 206

Chapter VI
Ararat
Various names of the mountain / 211
Its identification with the Mountain of the Ark in Genesis / 212
Notices of it in mediaeval books of travel / 218
Legends relating to it / 223
General structure of the two Ararats / 224
Geology: Abich's views stated / 227
Volcanic phenomena: absence of central craters / 227
Meteorology: great height of the snow-line / 236
Vegetation / 241
Animals / 245
General aspect: view of the mountin from the plains / 246
Political importance of Ararat / 248
Belief in its inaccessibility: recorded ascents / 250
Great earthquake of 184o / 254

Chapter VII
The ascent of Ararat
The start from Aralykh / 257
Ascent of the outer slopes / 259
The Cossack station and well of Sardarbulakh / 262
Kurdish shepherds at the well with their flocks / 269
Climb by night from Sardarbulakh to the foot of the cone / 273
Ascent of the great cone / 280
Cossack and Kurd refuse to ascend farther / 282
The great Cossack upper slope of rotten rock / 290
The summit / 294
View from the summit / 295
Descent to Sardarbulakh / 301
Reach Aralykh: our Cossak escort / 309
Impossibility of ascending Ararat / 310

Chapter VIII
Etchmiadzin and the Armenian people
Road from Erivan to Etchmiadzin / 311
Foundation of the Armenian Church / 314
Monastery of Etchmiadzin: the Cathedral / 317
Relics: the hand of St. Gregory / 321
The Seminary; general impressions of the monastery / 323
Sketch of Armenian history / 329
The great Armenian emigration / 333
Present condition of the Armenians / 336
Physical aspect of the Armenians: their language and literature / 340
Their sufferings under Turkish rule / 343

Chapter IX
From Erivan to the black sea
The Kurds: their character and history / J46
The journey back from Erivan to Tiflis: alarms of robbers / 350
Railways in the Caucasus / 354
By rail from Tiflis to Gori / 355
The rock city of Uphlis Tzikhé / 359
Across the watershed into Mingrelia / 365
Arrival at Poti: difficulties of embarkation / 368
Poti and its inhabitants / 371
Crossing the bar of the Phasis / 379
View from the sea off Batum / 38o

Chapter X
From poti to Constantinople by the black sea
Batum and its port / 383
Trebizond / 385
Character of the Pontic coast / 389
Samsun and Sinope / 391
The steamer and its passengers: Persians and Turkmans / 394
Turks, Greeks, and Armenians / 396
Franks; mixture of languages / 399
Condition of Asia Minor: melancholy impression it makes / 400
Sail down the Bosphorus / 405
Constantinople: first view of the city / 407
Picturesqueness of its interior / 410

Chapter XI
Some political reflections
Remarks on the state of Transcaucasia / 413
Religion as a separating influence in the East / 414
Difficulties of Russia in working her Asiatic territories / 417
Annexation injurious to Russia / 419
Impressions of Turkey: the Turks an army of occupation / 422
The Turkish Government is dying / 425
Anarchy in the provinces / 428
Is it possible to erect an Armenian state? / 430
Can the Turkish administration be reformed? / 432
Colonisation / 435
British interests: export trade to the Euxine / 436
India and the Suez Canal / 437
Influence of England in the East / 439
Feelings towards England : her true policy / 441

(XII.) Supplementary chapter
Twenty years of the Armenian question
Aspects of the recent history of the Armenian Question,
Diplomatic, Administrative, National / 446
Treaty of San Stefano / 446
Treaty of Berlin and Anglo-Turkish Convention / 447
Remarks on the British policy of 1878 / 449
Efforts of British Government to obtain reforms / 452
Cessation of these efforts: stoppage of the "European Concert" / 454
Attitude of Russia / 456
Changes in Turkish Government: policy introduced by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. / 459
His efforts to use his position as Khalif / 461
Character of the Armenian population, rural and urban / 463
The American Missionaries and their influence / 466
Revival of national feeling and educational progress among the Armenians / 468
Persecuting policy pursued by the Sultan / 471
Sufferings of the Christians: the Kurdish Hamidieh irregulars. / 472
Beginnings of a revolutionary movement / 476
Passive endurance of the Armenians: advantages which modern science gives to an oppressive Government / 482
The massacre at Sasun in 1894 / 487
Action of the British Government: "Scheme of Re forms" presented / 489
Acceptance of the scheme: massacre resolved on by the Sultan / 492
Massacres of 1895; their organisation and character / 494
Martyrdoms and forced conversions / 498
Successful resistance of Zeitun / 500
Alleged provocations to massacre / 503
Conduct of the European Powers / 508
Absence of sympathy in Continental Europe for the sufferers / 510
Massacre at Constantinople in August 1896 / 515
Effect of this massacre on opinion in Europe / 517
Results of the last eighteen years: failure of the British policy of 1878 / 519
Triumph of Russia: her motives / 520
The massacres due to European intervention, especially to Treaty of Berlin and Anglo-Turkish Convention / 523
Conclusion / 525




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