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F. R. Maunsell

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F. R. Maunsell

The Geographical Journal, Central Kurdistan

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CENTRAL KURDISTAN*

THE outline of the geographical features of Eastern Turkey is well known, and the highlands of Kurdistan and the plateau round the great Lake of Van have been described by many travellers.† I propose, therefore, to take a section of the mountain districts south of the lake, not so, well explored, but interesting from its strikingly varied mountain scenery.

Kurdistan is but a geographical expression for the country inhabited principally by Kurds, and is spread over several administrative provinces of the Turkish empire, ranging along the Persian frontier up to the Trans-Caucasus and west to the borders of Asia Minor. The Kurds are essentially a race of mountaineers; they leave the Mesopotamian plain to the Arabs, and their country commences with the first outliers of the hills rising from the edge of the Tigris basin.

Central Kurdistan consists of the mountainous districts round the headwaters of the Bohtan and the Great Zab, two of the largest of the Tigris tributaries; the former is sometimes called the Eastern Tigris, and at its junction is little inferior in volume to the main stream, while the latter is the largest affluent that the Tigris receives throughout its course. 1'he lake or inland sea of Van has itself no outlet, and is pent up along its southern shores by a series of lofty ranges extending from the Persian frontier many miles to the westward. South of these ranges the dreary outline of treeless brown hills, varied only by …

* Read at the Royal Geographical Society, April 29, 1901. Map, p. 248.

† Lake Van is about 5260 feet above sea-level. It has a periodic rise and fall of about 8 feet, lasting five years each movement. Its water is bitter and undrinkable, containing chiefly carbonate and sulphate of soda.
No. II.-August, 1901]








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