WATER IN THE ARAB WORLD: MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES AND INNOVATIONS
This book is the collective effort of the water team of the Middle East and North Africa (MNA) Region of the World Bank, which consists of staff members and consultants working on water issues in most countries of the Arab world and the Islamic Republic of Iran. The core team consisted of the three editors, N. Vijay Jagannathan (Sector Manager, Water), Ahmed Shawky Mohamed (Senior Water Resources Specialist), and Alexander Kremer (Senior Sector Economist), as well as Alicia Hetzner (Language Editor), and Georgine Seydi (Program Assistant).
Our debt of gratitude extends to a long list of colleagues in the MNA water team who have contributed chapters, often toiling long beyond their working hours and facing impossible deadlines imposed by the substance editors. Among the several consultants who have contributed, Chris Perry—who came up with the ABCDE approach, the organizing framework for the book’s chapters—is gratefully acknowledged.
The team would like to express appreciation for the guidance and support received from three colleagues in the World Bank: Nadereh Chamlou and Omer Karasapan, who gave us helpful advice; and Juan Diego Rodriguez, whose support made the production of this book possible. In addition, the two peer reviewers, Shawki Barghouti (Director General of the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Dubai) and Rory O’Sullivan (Consultant to the Bank’s working group on Embedded Knowledge), spent hours plowing through hundreds of pages of the various papers and giving very insightful comments and guidance to the team.
Finally, the team would like to thank Laszlo Lovei, Director of the Middle East and North Africa Sustainable Development Department, for his unwavering support and confidence, without which this enterprise could never have been completed in the timeframe required; and Nadir Mohammed, Operations Director of the MNA Region, for his encouragement to include this volume as a contribution to the region’s Arab World Initiative.
The MNA Region gratefully acknowledges the generous cofinancing of this work by the Dutch government via the Bank-Netherlands Water Partnership Program (BNWPP).
Contents
Preface / xv Acknowledgments / xvii Acronyms and Abbreviations
1. Introduction: Beyond WRM— Unbundling Water Management in MNA Countries N. Vijay Jagannathan, Ahmed Shawky Mohamed, and Christopher J. Perry / 1
SECTION 1. ASSESSMENT / 17 2. Bridging the Practice Gap in Water Management: Lessons from the “MNA Development Report on Water” N. Vijay Jagannathan / 19
3. Egypt: Water Sector Public Expenditure Review Ahmed Shawky Mohamed and N. Vijay Jagannathan / 37
4. Assessing the Efficiency and Equity of Water Subsidies: Spending Less for Better Services Ahmed Shawky Mohamed, Alexander Kremer, and Manish Kumar / 59
5. Applications of Latest Technologies and Hydrological Models in Water Resources Management and Planning in MNA Region Bekele Debele Negewo, Julia Bucknall, and Ahmed Shawky Mohamed / 79
6. Water Resource Assessment in the Arab World: New Analytical Tools for New Challenges Christopher J. Perry and Julia Bucknall / 97
7. Egypt Case Study: Energy Efficiency CDM Program: Irrigation and Drainage Pumping Sector Abdulhamid Azad / 119
8. Accountable Water and Sanitation Governance: Japan’s Experience Satoru Ueda and Mohammed Benouahi / 131
9. Tunisia’s Experience in Water Resource Mobilization and Management Mohamed El Hedi Louati and Julia Bucknall / 157
10. Lessons from the Rehabilitation of the Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Post-War Iraq Sana Agha Al Nimer / 181
11. Governance in Yemen’s Water Sector: Lessons from the Design of an Anticorruption Action Plan Maher Abu-Taleb and Richard Calkins / 191
SECTION 2. BARGAINING / 211
12. Water Allocation Conflict Management: Case Study of Bitit, Morocco Rachid Abdellaoui / 213
13. How Did a Small, Poor, and Remote Rural Village in Djibouti Recently Become a Government Priority to Receive Water Supply and Sanitation? Sarah Houssein, in collaboration with Julia Bucknall and Nathalie Abu-Ata / 229
14. Water Conflict in Yemen: The Case for Strengthening Local Resolution Mechanisms Christopher Ward / 233
15. Water Diplomacy in the 21st Century N. Vijay Jagannathan / 269
SECTION 3. CODIFICATION / 283
16. Comparative Analysis of Water Laws in MNA Countries Jackson Morill and Jose Simas / 285
17. Subsidies for the Poor: An Innovative Output-Based Aid Approach Providing Basic Services to Poor Periurban Neighborhoods in Morocco Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani / 335
18. Use of Output-Based Aid to Jumpstart a Rural Water Supply Service Market in Morocco Xavier Chauvot de Beauchêne and Pier Mantovani / 345
19. New Approaches to Private Sector Participation in Irrigation: Lessons from Egypt’s West Delta Project Aldo Baietti and Safwat Abdel-Dayem / 355
SECTION 4. DELEGATION 365
20. Participatory Irrigation Management and Cost-Sharing in Yemen Naji Abu Hatim and Ahmed Shawky Mohamed / 367
21. Community Management of Rural Water Supply: Evaluation of User Satisfaction in Yemen Susmita Dasgupta, Craig Meisner, Andrew Makokha, and Richard Pollard / 383
22. Rural Sanitation within an IWRM Framework: Case Study of Application in the Delta Region, Egypt Ayat Soliman, Ahmed Shawky Mohamed, Maged Hamed, Wendy Wakeman, and Mohammed Mehany / 401
23. Water Management in Spain: Highlights Relevant for MNA Countries Ahmed Shawky Mohamed, Abdulhamid Azad, and Alexander Bakalian / 421 SECTION 5. ENGINEERING / 431
24. Egypt: Irrigation Innovations in the Nile Delta Jose Simas, Juan Morelli, and Hani El Sadani / 433
25. Water Reuse in the MNA Region: Constraints, Experiences, and Policy Recommendations Claire Kfouri, Pier Mantovani, and Marc Jeuland / 447
26. Desalination Opportunities and Challenges in the Middle East and North Africa Region Khairy Al-Jamal and Manuel Schiffler / 479
27. Enhancing the Socioeconomic Viability of Spate Irrigation through Conjunctive Use in Coastal Areas in Yemen: Case Study of Wadi Ahwar Arjen de Vries and Tarun Ghawana. Supervised by Ahmed Shawky Mohamed / 497
Appendix A1. List of Authors / 52
Preface
This volume is intended to serve as a water handbook. It represents the collective knowledge about water resources management acquired over recent years, both within the World Bank water team and with counterparts working in the Arab countries of North Africa and the Middle East (MNA).
The chapters offer a cornucopia of ideas and themes. Some chapters are based on background papers prepared for the 2007 “MNA Development Report on Water.” Others draw on sector work prepared at the request of client countries. Yet others summarize observations based on study tours or other learning events sponsored by the World Bank.
Upon reviewing this lodestone of embedded knowledge, we realized that bringing together our observations and analyses could serve a useful purpose for public officials, other practitioners, academics, and students who are interested in learning more about the complexities of managing water resources management in one of the driest parts of the world.
N. Vijay Jagannathan Ahmed Shawky Mohamed Alexander Kremer
Water in the Arab World MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES AND INNOVATIONS N. Vijay Jagannathan Ahmed Shawky Mohamed Alexander Kremer Editors MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REGION THE WORLD BANK
The World Bank Middle East and North Africa (MNA) Region 1818 H St., NW Washington, DC 20433
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Cover photographs: World Bank MNSSD staff, clients, and consultants. Book design and typesetting: The Word Express.
