Where accepted English spellings for the names of ethnic groups already exist, these have been used, especially if the group concerned is of other than Turkish origin: thus Chechen, Ingush, or Hemshinli are used rather than their equivalent Turkish spellings, though the latter are listed in the catalogue (section B). Similarly English spellings are used for religious denominations, as in Shii or Chaldean. Otherwise all Turkish words, including the names of ethnic groups, personal names, and place names, have been given in the standard Turkish alphabet and spelling. Exceptions have been made, however, for Istanbul and Izmir, whose pronunciation is so well known to the Western reader that the dot on the initial I seems superfluous. Turkic words are treated similarly. .....
Contents
List of Contents / 7
List of Photographs and Maps / 11
Acknowledgements / 13
Notes on Transcription, Listings, Abbreviations, and the Map / 14
A. Introduction 1. Aim / 17 2. Ethnicity in the Turkish Context / 19 a. The Ernie View / 20 b. The Etic View / 27 c. Balance / 31 3. Assimilation / 38 4. Unity / 41 5. The Map / 42 6. The Handbook / 49
B. Catalogue of Ethnic Groups (with the same numeration as the map) Explanation and key to abbreviations / 53 1. Turks: Sunni / 54 2. Turks: Alevi: general / 56 3. Turks: Sunni: Yörük / 58 4. Turks: Alevi: Yörük / 62 5. Türkmen: Sunni / 63 6a-f. Türkmen: Alevi / 65 6g. Tahtaci: Alevi / 68 6h. Abdal: Alevi / 71 7. Azerbaijani Turks: Shii / 73 8. Azerbaijani Turks: Karapapah / 74 9. Uygurs / 77 10. Kirgiz / 78 11. Kazaks / 81 12. Özbeks / 83 13. Özbek Tatars / 84 14. Crimean Tatars / 86 15. Nogay Tatars / 87 16 a. Balkar and Karachay / 89 16 b. Kumuk (no. 19 on maps) / 91 17. Muslim immigrants from Bulgaria / 92 18. Muslim immigrants from other Balkan countries / 98 19. Muslim immigrants from Daghistan / 105 20. Sudanese / 107 21. Estonians / 109 22. Kurds: Sunni / 110 23 Kurds: Alevi / 116 24. Kurds: Yezidi / 118 25. Zazas: Sunni / 121 26. Zazas: Alevi / 123 27. Ossetes / 125 28. Armenians / 127 29. Hemshinli / 130 30. Albanians / 132 31. Kuban Cossacks / 133 32. Russians: Molokan / 134 33. Poles / 136 34. Gypsies / 138 35. Greeks: Christian / 142 36. Greek-speaking Muslims / 145 37. Germans / 147 38. Arabs: Sunni / 148 39. Arabs: Nusairi (Alawi) / 151 40. Arabs: Christian / 154 41. Jews / 157 42. Arameans: Syrian Orthodox Christian (Jacobite) / 161 43. Arameans: East Syrian Christian (Chaldean) / 163 44. Circassians and related groups / 167 45. Chechen and Ingush / 172 46. Georgians / 173 47. Laz / 176
C. Surveys 1. a. Villages in Eastern Anatolia, by language and religion, exstracted from the Köy Envanteri, Ankara (ca. 1965) by L. Nestmann / 179 b. Villages in Erzincan Province, by language and religion 1965, after İ. Boynukalın (1975) / 199 c. Village population in Erzincan Province, by language and religion, 1965, after i. Boynukahn (1975) / 200 2. a. Caucasians living in villages, by province and ethnic group, after I.Aydemir (1973-5) / 201 b. Circassian Adighe living in villages, by province and tribe, after I. Aydemir (1973-5) / 203 3. Syrian Orthodox population in Mardin province, by village and town, after H. Ritter (1967) and H. Anschütz (1981 and 1984) / 205 Cretan Muslim settlements ( 1981) by E. Danielsen / 209 5- Tribal groups in Hakkâri (1984) by L.Yalcin / 212 6. Gypsies: apparent distribution by province / 221 7. Provisional list of Abdal villages in Turkey, collected by A.Tietze / 226 a. Villages listed by an Abdal informant (1983) / 226 b. Villages listed by Gtizelbey for Gaziantep (1972) / 229 c. Village names collected from written sources / 231 d. Village names collected from other informants by R. Benninghaus (1986) / 236
D. Ethnic Groups Listed by Villages and Administrative Districts 1. Introduction to Village Lists / 239 a. Aim / 239 b. Scope / 240 c. Contents / 241 d. Order / 241 e. Sources / 242 f. Administrative Divisions and Identification of Villages / 242 g. Coordinates / 243 h. The Circassian List / 243 i. Relationship of the Lists to the Map / 244 Key 1: Abbreviations for Ethnic Groups / 246 Key 2: Abbreviations for Circassian sub-groups / 247 Key 3: Abbreviations for Sources of Ethnic Lists / 248 2. Lists of selected groups (with the same numeration as the map) / 252 1 Turks: Sunni: see Catalogue 2 a Turks: Alevi: General / 252 2b Turks: Alevi: Amuca / 264 3 Turks: Sunni: Yörük: see Catalogue 4 Turks: Yörük: Alevi / 265 5 a Türkmen: Sunni: unspecified / 265 5 b Türkmen: Sunni: Avşar / 271 5 c Türkmen: Sunni: Bekdik / 274 5 d Türkmen: Sunni: Çepni / 274 5 e Türkmen: Sunni: Çônali, igbeyli, Kuzugüden, Çahramani / 276 5 f Türkmen: Sunni: Hotami§ / 277 6 a Türkmen: Alevi: unspecified / 277 6 b Türkmen: Alevi: Avsar / 281 6 c Türkmen: Alevi: Barak / 281 6 d Türkmen: Alevi: Çepni / 283 6 e Türkmen: Alevi: Nalci / 286 6 f Türkmen: Alevi: Siraç / 286 6 g Türkmen: Alevi: Tahtaci / 288 6 h Abdal: see Survey 7 7 a Azerbaijani Turks: Shii (Azeri) / 294 7 b Azerbaijani Turks: Karabag: Sunni / 298 8 a Azerbaijani Turks: Karapapah (Terekeme) / 299 8 b Azerbaijanis: Karaçadirh / 301 9-13 Turkistanis: Uygur, Kirgiz, Kazak, Özbek, Özbek-Tatar / 302 14-15 Tatars (Crimean, Nogay, Kazan) and Bashkir / 304 16 Balkar and Karachay / 309 17-18 Muslim immigrants from Balkan countries / 310 19 Muslim immigrants from Daghistan: Avar, Dargwa, Kumuk, Lak/Gazikumuk, Lezgi / 328 20 Sudanese / 331 21 Estonians / 331 22 Kurds: Sunni / 332 23 Kurds: Alevi / 342 24 Kurds Yezidi / 349 25 7ii£as; Sunpi / 352 26 Zazas: Alevi / 353 27 Ossetes / 354 28 a Armenians: Christian / 355 28b Muslims of Armenian origin / 357 29 a Hemshinli: Armenian-speaking / 358 29 b Hemshinli: Turkish-speaking / 359 30 Albanians / 361 31-33 Slavs: Kuban-Cossack, Molokan, Polish / 363 34 a Gypsies: unspecified / 364 34 b Gypsies: Po$a / 368 35 Greeks: Christian: see Catalogue 36 a Greek-speaking Muslims: Cretan, Cypriot, and others / 370 36 b Greek-speaking Muslims: Pontic / 373 37 Germans: see Catalogue 38 Arabs: Sunni / 374 39 Arabs: Nusairi / 379 40 Arabs: Christian / 383 41 Jews: see Catalogue 42 Arameans: Christian: West Syrian (Orthodox): see Survey 3 43 Arameans: Christian: East Syrian (Chaldean) / 384 44 Circassians and related groups, by B. Özbek / 385 45 Chechen (and Ingush) / 419 46 Georgians / 421 47 Laz / 429
E. Essays on Selected Groups by Contributing Authors P. A. Andrews, Abdal / 435 P. A. Andrews, The Molokans / 438 P. A. Andrews, Tatars: Nogay, Kinm, Ozbek Tatar / 442 H. Anschütz, Christliche Gruppen in der Türkei / 454 R. Benninghaus, Some notes on the Karaçadirli / 472 R. Benninghaus, Zur Herkunft und Identität der Hemjinli / 475 R. Benninghaus, The Laz: an example of multiple identification / 497 K. Bodrogi, Das Alevitum in der Türkei. Zur Genese und gegenwärtigen Lage einer Glaubensgemeinschaft / 503 P- J. Bumke. The Kurdish Alevis - boundaries and perceptions / 510 M. Epstein, The Jews in Turkey / 519 A. Gokalp, Alevisme nomade: des communautés de statut à l’identité communautaire / 524 U. Johansen, Die Esten in Anatolien / 538 D. N. MacKenzie, The role of the Kurdish language in ethnicity / 541 L. Nestmann, Die ethnische Differenzierung der Bevölkerung der Osttürkei in ihren sozialen Bezügen / 543 B. Özbek, Tscherkessen in der Türkei / 581 I.Svanberg, Turkistani refugees / 591 I.Svanberg, Marginal groups and itinerants / 602 M. M. van Bruinessen, The ethnic identity of the Kurds / 613 L. Yalçin, On kinship, tribalism and ethnicity in Eastern Turkey / 622
Conclusion / 632
F. Bibliography 1. Abbreviations / 633 2. Published Sources / 634 3. Unpublished Studies from Turkish Universities / 652
Addenda and Corrigenda / 658
G. Maps 1. Yörük pastures between Fethiye and Silifike and the Toros mountains. (After H. Saraçoglu 1968) 2. Administrative divisions in Turkey ca. 1962. (After an official map)
(Page 59 read “See map 1”)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A book of this kind could not be compiled without an enormous amount of help. I am deeply grateful to all those who have contributed information to it. Above all, of course, I am indebted to the Turks themselves. Countless individuals in villages all over Turkey, in taxis and in minibuses, in restaurants, cafés and shops, nomad camps, offices, and society drawing rooms, have made their contribution. Equally Turks from all walks of life here in Cologne have given their uninhibited help, often collecting names of villages from friends or relations. It would hardly be right or fair to single out particular people for mention: I thank them all from my heart.
I am equally indebted to academic colleagues who have answered my often-persistent queries with such patience and generosity. I should especially like to thank Dr. H. Anschütz, Pfarrer S. Barbé, Dr. P. Bumke, Dr. R. Cribb, Dr. E.Danielsen, W. Dietrich, Dr. M. Epstein, Arbogast Freiherr von und zu Franckenstein, Dr. A. Gökalp, Pfarrer Y. Harman, Dr. K.-P. Hartmann, Prof. R. H.Hewsen, Dr. U. Hirsch, S.Hissou, Prof. Dr. W.-D. Hütteroth, Prof. Dr. O.Jastrow, Dr. K. Kehl, Prof. D. N. MacKenzie, Dr. P. Mackridge, A. Mango, H.Mehn, B. Morvaridi, Prof. Dr. L. Nestmann, Dr. B. Ozbek, Prof. Dr. U. Planck, J. Powell, Prof. Dr. H.Sohrweide, Dr. I.Svanberg, Dr. F. Thordarson, Prof. Dr. A. Tietze, Dr. B. Wolbert, Dr. M. van Bruinessen, and Dr. L. Yalçin for all they have done to make the map and book a success. I owe a great deal to the initiative, patience and untiring help provided by my assistant, Rüdiger Benninghaus: without him the book could not have assumed its present form in the time available. G. Simbriger M.A., too, did much to help in editing some of the texts. My children have earned special thanks for standing by as an emergency labour force, notably in locating villages.
It is only the continuing support of all those responsible at the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft that has enabled me to complete the project. I thank them, as its sponsors, and the Sprecher, Prof. Dr. W. Röllig, the Coordinator, Prof. Dr. H. Kopp, and the Director of this Institute, Prof. Dr. U. Johansen, for their sustained faith and encouragement.
Finally I should like to thank my colleagues in the TAVO project, Dr. E. Orywal and Dr. K. Hackstein, for their advice during many discussions on the intricacies of ethnicity, and for helping me to avoid at least the more painful mistakes in my German correspondence.
Institut für Völkerkunde, Universität zu Köln
Peter Alford Andrews
Note on Transcription
Where accepted English spellings for the names of ethnic groups already exist, these have been used, especially if the group concerned is of other than Turkish origin: thus Chechen, Ingush, or Hemshinli are used rather than their equivalent Turkish spellings, though the latter are listed in the catalogue (section B). Similarly English spellings are used for religious denominations, as in Shii or Chaldean.
Otherwise all Turkish words, including the names of ethnic groups, personal names, and place names, have been given in the standard Turkish alphabet and spelling. Exceptions have been made, however, for Istanbul and Izmir, whose pronunciation is so well known to the Western reader that the dot on the initial I seems superfluous. Turkic words are treated similarly.
Non-Turkish names have been given in the usual Tubingen transcription system, where appropriate (see Arbeitsheft Nr. 15). Otherwise they have been taken from standard works such as Geiger et alii. In the case of Kurdish, there may be some inconsistency in the vocalisation, since most of the sources are Turkish, and reflect a Turkicised pronunciation: the names of tribes and places have generally been spelled with the vowels as originally recorded, and the editor asks to be excused for his inability to provide more authoritative transcriptions.
Note on Listings
In the arrangement of the towns and villages listed, the usual Turkish order has been followed, ranked according to province, sub-province, and district (il, ike, bucak, or in the old parlance vilayet, kaza, nahiye). The villages then follow in alphabetical order. Spellings of place names are as given in the Genei Nüfiis Sayimi (census) for 1975, and Köylerimiz 1981. Map 2 in this volume shows these divisions for the period ca. 1962. Ethnic groups are listed in the catalogue (section B) and the village lists (section D) according to the numeration given on the map, but with the addition of some sub-numeration.
Provincial centres are referred to, particularly in the lists, as cities, and sub-provincial centres as towns, regardless of size, in order to avoid the confusion arising from the dual use of il and ike in Turkish.
…..
Peter Alford Andrews
Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey
Ludwig Reichert
Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verla Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey Peter Alford Andrew's
Beihefte Zum Tübinger Atlas Des Vorderen Orients
Herausgegeben im Auftrag des Sonderforschungsbereichs 19 von Heinz Gaube und Wolfgang Rollig
Reihe B (Geisteswissenschaften) Nr. 60
Peter Alford Andrew's (Hg.) Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey
Wiesbaden 1989 Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag
ethnic_groups_in_the_republic_of_turkey.pdf
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