Contents
Map of the area inhabited by Kurds / vii
Acknowledgements / ix
Foreword by Noam Chomsky / x
List of Abbreviations / xxviii
1. Introduction / 1
2. Background / 4
The Kurds / 4
History of the Kurds / 6
History of Turkey / 12
The Kurds in Turkey / 15
3. Turkey, the Kurds and the EU / 20
The route to accession / 20
The opening of formal EU accession negotiations / 24
The political context of Turkey’s EU bid / 25
Accession and the Kurds / 28
Fulfi lment of the Copenhagen Criteria for EU accession? / 32
Turkey in Europe: the future / 39
4. Civil, Political and Cultural Rights in Turkey / 41
The pro-EU reform process / 42
Torture and ‘zero tolerance’ / 43
Publishing and the media / 49
Civil society in Turkey / 54
Political participation / 58
Cultural and linguistic rights / 63
Human rights reform and EU accession / 71
A question of implementation? / 72
5. Internal Displacement / 76
Background to displacement / 76
The government response to displacement today / 79
Government assistance for return / 0
State impediments to return / 83
Remedies and redress for displacement / 84
International offers of assistance / 85
International standards on internal displacement / 86
Displacement: A de facto change in the ethnic make up of the countryside? / 88
6. The Kurds and Human and Minority Rights / 89
Pro-EU reforms / 90
Continued oppression / 91
The need for a comprehensive solution / 92
The Kurds and minority rights / 93
Minority rights standards in Turkey / 94
Compliance with minority rights standards: defi nitional issues / 98
Compliance with international standards: substantive rights / 101
The future of minority rights in Turkey / 103
7. Confl ict in the Southeast / 104
Origins and development of the conflict / 104
Resurgence of the confl ict / 107
Implications of the renewed armed conflict / 108
The conflict and democratization in Turkey / 108
Resolving the confl ict / 110
International peacemaking / 112
The conflict and Turkish ethnic nationalism 113
Amnesties / 114
The conflict in the Southeast and the Kurdish question / 115
8. The International Dimensions to the Confl ict / 118
Turkey, her neighbours and the Kurds / 118
Turkish military activity in northern Iraq / 119
Kirkuk: Turkish fears over Kurdish autonomy / 121
A Turkish invasion of northern Iraq? / 124
Response in the West / 126
Turkey, Iran and Syria: a new common ground / 126
Syrian–Turkish relations and the Kurds / 126
Iranian–Turkish relations and the Kurds / 129
An anti-democratic alliance / 131
9. The EU and the Kurds / 133
The EU’s responsibility towards the Kurds / 133
Europe’s responsibility to the Kurds / 134
The EU approach to the Kurdish situation / 137
The adequacy of the EU’s approach / 141
The EU and the confl ict in the Southeast / 145
The Kurds and the future of EU accession negotiations / 148
Notes / 150
Index / 176 | 
