Table of Contents
Acknowledgments /xi
Foreword to the Third Edition / xiii
Foreword to the First Edition / xv
1 Iraq Before the Revolution of 1958 / 1
Early Modern Iraq:fr om Ottoman Frontier Province to British Military Occupation, c. 1550–1914 / 1
Economy and Society, c. 1850–1914 / 3
The Last Years of Ottoman Rule / 5
The Origins and Development of British Interests in Iraq and the Gulf Area / 7
British Occupation and Mandate, 1914–1932 / 8
‘Independent’ Iraq / 15
Political Currents, c. 1920–1946 / 16
The Kurds under the Mandate and Monarchy / 23
Economy and Society before the Revolution of 1958: Land Tenure and Rural Social Structure / 30
Economy and Society before the Revolution of 1958: Urban Life and the Urban Economy / 35
The Last Years of the Monarchy, 1946–1958 / 38
2 1958–1963 / 47
Preparations for the Coup:Qasim and the Free Officers before July 1958 / 47
The Coup and the Revolution of 14 July 1958 / 49
The Political Climate in the Immediate Aftermath of the Revolution / 51
The Emergence of ‘Abd al-Karim Qasim / 52
‘Unity Now’ versus ‘Federation’ / 55
The Split between Qasim and ‘Arif, August to November 1958 / 58
The Rashid ‘Ali ‘Coup’ / 60
The Communist ‘Threat’ / 62
Mosul, March 1959 / 66
Kirkuk, July 1959 / 70
The Attempt on Qasim’s Life, October 1959 / 72
The Breaking of the Radical Left / 74
Social and Economic Policies, 1958–1963 / 76
The Kurdish Question, 1958–1963 / 79
Qasim’s Last Years, 1961–1963 / 82
3 1963–1968 / 85
The Origins of Ba‘thism / 87
The Ba‘th in Iraq / 90
The Ba‘th-Nationalist Alliance, February-November 1963 / 92
The Regime of ‘Abd al-Salam ‘Arif, 1963–1966 / 93
The Government of ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Bazzaz, September 1965 to August 1966 / 97
The Presidency of ‘Abd al-Rahman ‘Arif, April 1966 to July 1968 / 99
Social and Economic Policies, 1963–1968 / 101
The Kurdish Question under the ‘Arifs / 102
The Communists under the ‘Arifs 104
4 1968–1972 / 107
The Background to the July 1968 Coups:t he Ba‘th Party and the Struggle for Power / 108
The Coups of July 1968 / 112
The Government of 30 July 1968 / 116
The First Steps on the Road to Oil Nationalisation: Negotiations with the Soviet Union, March-July 1969 / 123
Relations with the ICP and KDP, 1969–1970 / 126
The Ba‘th and Black September / 132
Further Power Struggles:The Emergence of Saddam Husayn / 134
Social and Economic Policies, 1968–1972 / 137
The Uneasy Road to Reconciliation:The Ba‘th, the Communists and the Kurds, 1970–1972 / 140
The Background to the Nationalisation of the Iraq Petroleum Company / 145
5 1972–1975 / 149
For and Against the National Patriotic Front / 151
The Consequences of the Nationalisation of the IPC / 154
The Formation of the National Patriotic Front / 156
The Kurds and the National Front / 158
The Defiance and Defeat of Nazim Kazzar, June-July 1973 / 160
The Ba‘th, the Kurds and Iran, 1973–1974 / 164
Open Warfare, 1974–1975 / 167
6 1975–1980 / 171
1973–1975:t he Ba‘th Dig In / 172
Iraq’s Relations with Its Neighbours, 1973–1975 / 176
Domestic Politics, 1975–1979 / 178
The Kurds, 1975–1979 / 187
The Shi‘i Opposition / 190
Foreign Relations, 1975–1980 / 200
The Struggle for Power within the Ba‘th Party — Saddam Husayn and his Rivals, 1976–1980 / 206
7 Economy and Society since 1958 / 215
Oil and the Iraqi Economy, 1958–1963 / 216
Economy and Society under the ‘Arif Brothers / 219
Economy and Society Under the Ba‘th / 227
8 The War between Iraq and Iran / 255
Iraq and Iran, 1975–1979 / 255
The Early Years of the War / 257
The Political Impact of the War on Iraq / 262
The Effects of the War on the Iraqi Economy / 264
The Last Two Years of the War:1986 –1988 / 266
al-Anfal, 1988 / 269
The Political and Military Situation after the War / 270
The Reconstruction of the Economy and the Bureaucracy / 274
Prelude to Invasion / 277
9 The Invasion of Kuwait and Its Aftermath / 281
Perceptions and Misperceptions:Some Considerations of the Background to the Invasion / 283
The Aftermath of the Gulf War / 288
The Risings in the Shi‘i South and Kurdistan / 289
Sanctions and the United Nations Inspections / 290
Kurdish Politics since 1991 / 295
Shi‘i Politics since 1991 / 299
Human Rights in Iraq / 301
Iraqi Politics since 1991 / 304
Conclusion / 308
Notes / 311
Bibliography / 361
Index / 381 | 
