VersionsSaddam's documents [English, Washington, 1992]
Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein [English, Washington, 1991]
Chemical weapons use in Kurdistan [English, Washington, 1988]
Chemical weapons use in Kurdistan : Iraq’s final offensive
U. S. Senate
U. S. G. P. O.
The Honorable Claiborne Pell,
Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC 20510
Dear Mr. Chairman: At your direction, we traveled to Turkey from September 11-17 to assess the situation in Iraqi Kurdistan. This mission followed the sudden influx of more than 65,000 Iraqi Kurds into southeastern Turkey and extensive reporting that Iraq was using chemical weapons on its Kurdish population.
We spent 4 days in southeastern Turkey, traveling along that country's border with Iraq. We visited every major encampment of Kurdish refugees in the region and spoke with several hundred witnesses to the events inside Iraqi Kurdistan. Contents
Letter of transmittal / V
Summary of key findings / VII
I. Introduction / 1
A. Overview / 1
B. Methodology / 2
C. Weighing the evidence / 3
D. Note on names / 5
II. Background / 6
A. Basic characteristics / 6
B. The Question on National Identity / 6
C. Iraqi Kurdish Rebellions in the Interwar Period / 7
D. The Maturing of Kurdish Nationalism / 8
E. The Kurds and the Iraqi Republic / 8
F. The 1974 Rebellion / 9
G. Guerrilla War After 1976 / 9
H. The Iran-Iraq War / 10
III. Iraq's Final Offensive / 11
A. A Narrative Account / 11
B. Eyewitness Accounts / 15
C. The Physical Evidence / 27
D. Context / 30
E. Conclusion / 32
IV. The Refugee Situation / 35
A. Welfare of the Refugees / 35
B. A Balancing Act for Turkey / 36
V. Policy Issues / 37
A. The Precedent / 37
B. The Middle East / 37
C. As an Anti-Insurgency Weapon / 38
D. United States Policy / 38
Appendices
A. Chronological Compilation of Statements by the Administration on the use of chemical weapons by Iraq / 41
B. Kurdish villages in Iraq exposed to chemical weapons / 42
C. Itinerary / 42
D. S. 2763, the prevention of genocide act, approved by the U.S. Senate September 9, 1988 / 43 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
September 21, 1988
The Honorable Claiborne Pell,
Chairman, Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC 20510
Dear Mr. Chairman: At your direction, we traveled to Turkey from September 11-17 to assess the situation in Iraqi Kurdistan. This mission followed the sudden influx of more than 65,000 Iraqi Kurds into southeastern Turkey and extensive reporting that Iraq was using chemical weapons on its Kurdish population.
We spent 4 days in southeastern Turkey, traveling along that country's border with Iraq. We visited every major encampment of Kurdish refugees in the region and spoke with several hundred witnesses to the events inside Iraqi Kurdistan.
Essential to the completion of this report were the contributions of Robert Finn of the U.S. Embassy in Ankara and Hamza Ulucay, a Foreign Service National employee of the U.S. consulate in Adana. Mr. Finn, a political officer with long experience in Turkey and fluent in the Turkish language, helped conduct the interviews upon which this report is based, helped evaluate the information elicited, and provided us with a typescript of his copious notes within a few hours of our return to Ankara. Mr. Ulucay, who follows political and economic developments in southeastern Turkey for the Adana consulate, was our translator in the Kurdish camps. At each refugee camp he was able to ferret out quickly important witnesses and to help us elicit the information we were seeking. We would also like to acknowledge gratefully the contribution of Yildirim Yazmur, our driver, who skillfully negotiated some of the most difficult roads imaginable in part of the over 1,500 land miles traversed during this mission.
In addition, we would like to acknowledge gratefully the assistance of Dr. Richard Preece of the Congressional Research Service, who helped prepare the background section of this report. Finally, we would note that, in preparing this report, we were also able to rely on the experience gained by Peter Galbraith during two previous visits to Iraqi Kurdistan.
While the contributions of Mr. Finn and Mr. Ulucay were critical to the preparation of this report, the conclusions are our own. This report does not necessarily reflect the views of the Committee on Foreign Relations or any member thereof.
Sincerely yours,
Peter W. Galbraith
Christopher Van Hollen, Jr. U. S. Senate
Chemical weapons use in Kurdistan : Iraq’s final offensive
U. S. G. P. O.
U. S. Government printing office
Chemical weapons use in Kurdistan: Iraq’s final offensive
A staff report to the Committee on foreign relations
United States senate
Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations
U. S. Government printing office
Washington: 1988
100 th Congress 2d session
Committee print S.
Prt. 100 - 148
October 1988 | 
